Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Economics - Research Paper Example In addition, the research will seek to identify the various benefits and disadvantages that are brought about by unemployment in USA. Unemployment in this case is described as a state of a person who is able and willing to work at the available rates and is actively seeking a job but is unable to acquire an income-generating job. Unemployment is always accompanied by unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is described by economists as the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force (Rappaport 5). Unemployment can be defined depending with the different circumstances that underlie the situation. The United States is one of the countries that face a high unemployment rate in the world as compared to other European countries such as Germany, United Kingdom, and France. This research paper seeks to ascertain the level of unemployment in USA. Moreover, the researches will establish the disadvantages of unemployment in USA as well as identify the causative agents of unemployment in the country (Rappaport 5). Unemployment is a situation that occurs when people are willing and able to work and cannot find a job. This research is confined to unemployment in the USA. The research will focus on factors that cause unemployment in USA and the increasing trend towards unemployment in the country (Hornstein and Thomas 8). Moreover, it will focus on the challenges facing unemployment in USA as well as suggesting possible solutions for the factors identified. Unemployment situation occurs when a person who is actively seeking for a job is unable to obtain a job. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the country, commonly known as unemployment rate. Unemployment rate is the total number of unemployed persons in the country divided by the total number of the labor force. When an economy is undergoing recession, the rate of unemployment is usually very high. Recent statistics shows that

Social & Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social & Ethical Issues - Essay Example Kant formulated the categorical imperative as a foundation for ethical action. Two aspects of the categorical imperative are that a person should act such that he1 can also will that the maxim of his action should become a universal law, and he should act such that he treats humanity-both in own and another's person-as an end and never as a means. Kant's theory thus defines ethics on the nature of actions, and not on their outcome (Kay, 1997) The morality of an action depends on intention only. A moral action may cause distress rather than happiness to the one who acts. But morality is more important than happiness. Moral action will ultimately lead to peace of mind (happiness) at having done the right thing. The motive for a moral action should not be the fact that it could lead to happiness, but that the action is moral in itself. Kant maintains that this principle does not recognize any exceptions. Utilitarianism states that the ethicality of an action depends solely on whether it increases utility or not. Therefore the morality of an action depends on its outcome, and on nothing else. Utility is happiness or pleasure, and suffering is disutility. How do these conflicting dicta help us in deciding ethical courses of action, in today's confusing times Let us look at euthanasia. The word euthanasia means "a happy death" and refers to legally sanctioned death. Although some countries have legalized euthanasia (E g Netherlands), there are several ethical issues that arise in its application. First of all, there is the very definition of death. Now that life can be prolonged by sophisticated machines, it gets difficult to decide whether the life that is kept artificially going has really gone beyond a point, where it cannot be brought out of its vegetative state. There have been cases when machines have been switched off, and bodies that were expected to cease, continued in a coma. With the rapid pace at which medical science has been progressing, conditions which were considered untreatable yesterday, can be dealt with today. Therefore, should we not wait before euthanasia is carried out in any instance, as tomorrow may bring a cure Can it be done even if a person while in a healthy state of body and mind has willed that he should be administered euthanasia in case he slips into an irretrievable state of death Is suicide okay Should doctors assist in suicide Then how about unborn children Is abortion permissible Do we have the right to decide on the ending of any life-that of an unborn child, as well The questions are numerous. But evidently there are no clear-cut answers to these. Mill talks about competing utilities. He says that all we need to do is to compute the utility that would be generated by opposing course of actions, and choose that set of actions that generates a higher utility. This is easier said than done. How does one compute utility What is the objective standard to measure this Since utility is based on feelings, how does one measure the strength of feelings If maximizing utility were the only concern, we would be led to bizarre and dangerous conclusions on ethical issues. If morality consisted merely in promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest numbers, then the majority rules, and the minority suffers. Let's look at the

Marketing research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing - Research Paper Example The respondents who will be used for this study are convenient subjects. The survey will find respondents who are suitable for the study and they will fill the questionnaires in train stations, shopping malls, and coffee shops. Since most of the knowledge to be collected through the questionnaires is not of a sensitive nature, the questionnaires will be handed out randomly at these places. However, the questionnaires will be anonymous, as will be the responses given on the questionnaires. The research will use a sampling size of approximately 50 respondents since a sampling size under this number may not give enough data in support of the study’s analysis. The sample will range from the ages of 18 to 50. In addition, a larger number may present the study with information that is too broad that may prove difficult to deal with during the analysis stage. The sampling units will be composed of everyday people who use cell phones. Because the questionnaires will be handed out to those willing to take them, the sampling procedures will be randomized where the researcher will randomly select persons from the complete population. By focusing on an age group as diverse as eighteen to fifty, the sample will be representative of those being targeted in the population, which are cell phone users since almost everyone uses cell phones. In addition, because the subjects are chosen through random sampling, the sample is representative of the targeted population (Bradley 33). However, because of the lack of a control group, the internal validity may suffer as a consequence. This is because we are not sure if the manipulation of variables were the only possible reason for the results seen in the dependent variables for the study. External validity may also suffer from the small size of the sample in comparison to total cell phone users (Bradley 34). Finally, because every member of the population has an equal chance of selection, the sample

The Main Role Of The Capital Market

The Main Role Of The Capital Market Capital market is controlled by financial regulators and their own governance organization. The reason of regulation has been made is to keep investors away from fraud and deception. Financial regulatory bodies are also charged with reducing the losing rate of financial, providing licenses to financial service providers, and implementing applicable laws.   It is also relying on two sub-markets they are the secondary and the primary market. The secondary market deals with the trading of previously-issued securities, and they have to keep a highly liquidity in nature because most of the securities are sold by investors. The primary market job is to handle newly issued securities and they also have to generate new long period capital. A capital market with high liquidity and high transparency is forecast on a secondary market with the equal qualities. Besides, it guides in forming capital. Capital formation is net addition to available stock of capital within the economy. Its also a main source for mobilizing not in actively use money from the economy. It moves the financial resource from people for expanding their spending in the capable earnings field within the economy. In that sense it enables the financial resource to produce a better outcome by investing in a productive way. B) With increasing energy costs and causing global warming, lot businesses are starting to accept the advantage of developing in green technology. The government finance institution had invested rm1.5billion into green industry to support the business development in green construction, green technology, and innovation. Green industry has the potential in growth in future and its also creating a new line careers to replace the technology being use by today. SME bank introduce Mudharabah deposit- taking under the General Investment Account to attract government agency, statutory bodies and government- linked companies to put deposit . This will give an extra platform to industries that wish to put the financial resources through Mudharabah deposit. This will strengthen the Islamic finance. Automotive company like Mercedes-Benz, Bmw, Proton, Toyota and so on are trying to come out with more brand new vehicle model. The purpose is to boost the sales within the automotive industry. The more the consumer selection, the higher the sales it gets. People are still buying luxurious car no matter how many percentage of tax government impose on a car. Besides, when the sales increase, the value of stock within automotive industry increase, and eventually the automotive market will get more funds. Development of SME need fund on their business growth. The source of fund will come from providing loan by finance institution. This will boost banking industry by collecting loans interest through the SME who apply for loans. Program Enterprise 50 (E50) is design to allow and encourage participation from the entire domestic incorporated SMEs, while providing a space for them to benchmark against both internationally and domestically SME. Finance institution boosting in the development of shipping and shipbuilding industries. Exporting and importing with china or foreign country can bring beneficial to the region market as chinas market is getting bigger. Being part in international trade can boost the domestic consumption and to help to sustain the ongoing global recovery. Government initiated merger with companies involve in plantation industry. The purpose is the push them to the worlds largest listed Plantation Company. Malaysia is the global second largest oil palm exporter. With the merger from government financial institution, the plantation industry will have sufficient funds to develop their potential business to increase the production which will generate profits in long-term. International funds were attracted to invest into the local market that helps to strengthen the liquidity of local money market. This has formed opportunity for domestic businesses to raise capital on the  KLSE, and to accomplish infrastructure development in fields in highways, telecommunications, and power generation to get over the slow down caused by rapidly industrialization. Khazanah Nasional  Berhad  is design to assist selected potential industries in Malaysia and generate the investment into profits for local capital market. The fund invest in companies in Malaysia, companies including Pharmaniaga in medical industry, Proton holdings  in automobile industry, UEM Group  in construction industry, Telekom Malaysia in communications industry, CIMB  in banking industry and many other companies of different industries Manufacturing, services and agricultural industries get special attention from the Malaysias financial institution because these filed has been the major producer in the country. These industries have potential to generate profits and will rise rapidly in term of production in future and it will bring benefits to Malaysia capital market. Industrial Master Plan is formed to strengthen the manufacturing industry. The industrial plans target to make Malaysia a major international major trade and boost the countrys human capital and economy. C) Increase of public listed companies, the bond market would enhance the competitive ability of local capital market. Malaysia requires stronger market institutions to compete effectively with other international exchanges. Capital market intermediation has to be innovative and efficient in order to achieve higher competitive ability. After Bursa Malaysia get listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad  , the competitive of the local market had strengthened. And the exchange sector has become more customer-driven and market-oriented. Besides, effects after demutualization are in increasing the liquidity and velocity of the markets and enhancing the efficiency of businesses and yield economies of scale in its operations. Market institutions are responding by establishing and merging alliances. They are increasingly providing consumers flexibility and greater variety, for example through online trading and extended product range. Some international markets now are allowing full foreign ownership to encourage the building of finance professionals and to develop a group of players and events in the markets. Local capital market intermediaries are able to offer internationally competitive services to their customers. They are able to work efficiently to the result of changing customer wants, increasing integration of financial services and the advance technology. Many countries are building their financial services sectors by enacting strategic liberalisation policies to attract more foreign institutions and professionals to boost competition, development, liquidity and human capital in their capital markets. The rapid growth of online trading market are causing the finance service introduce more and newer of innovative ways of creating financial resource in order to keep up with the client base as well as to achieve the potential of market entrants. http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cmp/executiv.pdf http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/business/article/malaysian-capital-market-could-hit-rm5.8-trillion-by-2020/ http://www.sc.com.my/eng/html/cmp/CMPNEAC050702.pdf http://www.adbi.org/working-paper/2010/02/25/3588.capital.flows.financial.regulation.asia/factors.necessary.to.improve.capital.markets.in.asia/ http://finance.mapsofworld.com/capital-market/role.html http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-is-capital-market-meaning.html

The Hardships of a New Nation :: essays research papers

There were many hardships in the begining of America within the government, domestically, and with foreign policy. Mostly between the years of 1789 - 1824. These are some of the topics I will be explaining. Judiciary Act of 1789, Whiskey Rebellion, Alien and Sedition Acts, Luisianna Purchase, Missurri Compromise, and the 12th Amendment. Domestically there were problems/hardhips as a new country. But the Judiciary Act of 1789 helped that problem out a lot, it answered critical questions, creating judicial structure and that has remained essentially intact. It provided for a supreme court consisting of a Cheif Justice and five associate justices. It also set up three federal circuit courts and thirteen federal district courts throughout thee country. During Washingtons second term, congress had passed a protective tariff, an important tax on goods produced in europe. Most whiskey producers were small fronteir farmers. Their major crop was corn. The farmers distilled the corn into whiskey which could be more easily sent to the market on the backs of mules. In 1794 the farmers refused to pay the tax and Hamilton looked upon the whikey rebellion as an opportunity to show that the govt. could enforce a law along the wetern frontier. Alien and Sedition Acts and the Luisiana Purchase were harships within the foriegn policy part of our new nation. The alien acts raised the residence requirement for American citizenship from five years to fourteen years and allowed the president to deport or jail any alien uconsidered undesirable. The seditiona act set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing opinions considered damaging to the government. With the Luisiana Purchase which included all the land drained by the western tributaries of the Mississippi River the size of the United States more than doubled. Jefferson who wanted to simplify and decentralize the government, had instead expanded the power of the presidency and the central government. he last thing I wil be discussing will be the harships we faced in our Government as a new nation. Like the Missouri Compromise.

Compare Ch 1 & 2 of Hard Times to Ch 6 of Jane Eyre

Both authors Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens give determined attention to the bleak and hard aspects of life and, specifically, to the life of children. In the Chapters 1 & 2 of Hard Times to Chapter 6 of Jane Eyre, they vividly portray difficulties and hardship faced by many poor children at school. Thesis The chapters under analysis are based on similar settings and themes portraying educational system of the Victorian era, attitude towards children and their role in society.In the chapters under analysis, the authors portray school life of the protagonists and their grievances. ‘Fact and Figures’ dominate in the chapters underlining the role of cramming in education. In Hard Times, in the opening scene in ‘a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a schoolroom', the dominant adjectives are ‘square, hard, dry’, and the first paragraph of Chapter 2 emphasizes this theme by using many of the declaratory titles which Dickens had contemplated giving to thi s novel. T.Gradgrind teaches children:‘A man who proceeds upon the principle that two and two are four, and nothing over, and who is not to be talked into allowing for anything over† (Dickens). In Jane Eyre, girls follow strict rules during classes: â€Å"there were sundry questions about tonnage and poundage and ship-money, which most of them appeared unable to answer† (Bronte). Another important detail is that girls should read the Bible every morning which dictated social norms and social order.In the chapters under analysis, the authors create a similar prototypes of teachers and educational systems typical for their times. As the first passage makes clear, the Gradgrind educational system and the ethos of the industrial town are at one in being designedly quite rightly if ‘The Gradgrind Philosophy' is accepted – monotonous, and in embodying an aridly limited sense of life's possibilities and priorities. But already one challenge to that ‘Ph ilo ¬sophy' has appeared the circus at which the Gradgrind children are caught peeping.The same philosophy is followed by Miss Scatcherd who supposes that a teacher should be severe and irreconcilable to pupils’ faults. Jane comments: â€Å"it seems disgraceful to be flogged, and to be sent to stand in the middle of a room full of people† (Bronte). A doctrine of Christian endurance is similar in the chapters. Both authors pay a special attention to the process itself and organization of education. They underline that educational process should be based on daily activities and planning process.The chapters though starting in a schoolroom are concerned with more than education but growing up and new perception of the world. Success for the protagonists means fight in whatever direc ¬tion. To the attainment of any end worth living for, a symmetrical sacrifice of their nature is compulsory upon children. Jane comments: â€Å"I could not comprehend this doctrine of end urance; and still less could I understand or sympathize with the forbearance she expressed for her chastiser† (Bronte).Pressure of schooling and severe attitude of their tutors forces the children to mature and understand the role of religion and schooling in their life. The children speak as mature adults which unveils their independent thinking and mature personalities. Readers quickly sense the inevitability of the children's movement towards savagery, though the authors relate the novels with such economy and intensity that its predictability does not become monotonous. In these chapters, both children assume leadership for their calm rationality.â€Å"Only a few feeble stragglers said Yes: among them Sissy Jupe† (Dickens). In the chapters, both authors use characters of children in opposition to the main characters. This technique helps them to underline the importance of liberation in the world of cruelty and misunderstanding. In sum, Charlotte Bronte and Charles Dickens portray that suffering is undergone in order to expand the human spirit, to delve into matters previously kept hidden, to grow through pain. They grow up into small adults emulating the ‘real' world they have left behind and to which eventually they return.

Ethical, legal and societal issues of information technology systems

Ethical, legal and societal issues of information technology systems Introduction Most professions practiced in different global locations have stipulated codes of ethics or professional codes of conduct. The codes are essential given that the professionals are provided with advantage over other individuals. Typically, the professionals’ practice in respective fields has the possibility of influencing the rest of the public.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Ethical, legal and societal issues of information technology systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The codes offer guidelines for the professionals on how to execute their mandate and duties responsibly. However, the dawn of information technology has brought with it a host of ethical and legal concerns that are exclusive to the 21st century (Walcerz, 2013). The issue on the use of technology is intricate and complicated starting from personal online privacy to the disclosure of classified information. These have the potential to distract the lives of many individuals and institutions, as was the case in the Bradley Manning situation. The saga involved the release of classified military reports and diplomatic cables to the WikiLeaks and consequently to the entire world. The saga ignited debates from many quarters some arguing that Bradley acted in good faith as a whistleblower (Carr, 2013). Others viewed the move by the American soldier as an act of espionage hence a traitor. Stakeholders The United States Military The US Military was a key stakeholder in Bradley Manning case. The situation involved the leaking of classified military information to WikiLeaks by Bradley. The reports included a video by the military where two Apache army airplanes gunned down a crowd of Iraqis in the city of Baghdad. The footage shows the US military fire at civilians that left twelve men dead and several children fatally wounded. The US military personnel would be heard shouting appalling things while urging coll eagues to fire on the group (Porter, 2013). The revelations by Bradley meant that the military was deeply concerned with other reports that were eventually released by Bradley through WikiLeaks. The military became involved given its effort to stop further disclosure of its classified information. Public The release of classified reports according to Bradley was motivated by the appalling things that were happening in the military during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars as well as the antagonizing treatment of prisoners of war at Guantanamo Bay. Bradley sought to make it public the horrifying events that were taking place within military circles.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Prior to the release of the reports, the military had alleged it had lost the video. The public outcry that followed the release of the â€Å"Collateral Murder† footage by Julian As sange of WikiLeaks in April 2010 prompted Bradley to release other reports. The public criticized the government for allowing impunity leading to the loss of lives of innocent civilians. The public remains at loggerheads with the US Federal Government over multiplicity of issues that were revealed in hundreds of thousands military reports and diplomatic cables. Federal government and national security agencies Bradley released over 91,000 documents containing classified information. The documents detailed military activities that took place between 2004 and 2010. These activities included airstrike in Baghdad that left 147 civilians dead (Porter, 2013). The government was dragged into the issue when it became apparent that Pakistan and Iran had assisted the US and its allies in striking Iraq. The reports revealed that the Obama administration considered North Korea an enemy given that it traded weaponry to Osama bin Laden. The leaked documents indicated that the military had been br ibing Afghanistan media houses to report news that favored the United States. The leaks further revealed that the personnel working for the US Department of Defense hired teen prostitutes. The White House had to step in to safeguard the Obama administration legacy as democratic. The Pentagon and President Obama alleged that the leaked reports exposed and endangered the lives of Afghani informers. The national security agency apparatus was thrown into a spin by the rapid folding of events. They argued that Bradley intentionally leaked the classified information to Assange who was an enemy of the United States and eventually was within Osama’s reach. The agencies claimed that Bradley deliberately and knowingly revealed intelligence information that exposed undercover agents.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Ethical, legal and societal issues of information technology systems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This would also compromise ambassadors and risk the lives of military personnel in Afghanistan and Iraq. Additionally, the agencies argued that Bradley effectively placed the US security secrets into the enemies’ possession including the leader of the dreaded Al-Qaeda terrorist network. The agencies were key players in the prosecution of Bradley as it presented evidence that Osama asked for and eventually obtained Afghanistan battleground information as well as communications published by WikiLeaks. The security agencies worked around the clock to ensure that the existing security loopholes that may be exploited by terrorists and enemies were sealed to mitigate dangers posed to the US national security. Bradley Manning Bradley developed a knack for computers at an early age. His activities as a private staff in the military meant that he could access sensitive information in the military database. The revelations made by Bradley during the prosecution indicated that he was c onvinced that he was acting on behalf of the American public who deserved to know all about the ‘Collateral Murder’ by the military in Bagdad. By releasing the classified information to Assange, Bradley allegedly sought to clear his conscience about the deaths of the Reuter reporters, innocent children and men who were killed by hail of bullets from the US military Apache helicopter. Bradley took the position as he was convinced that the society should be based on justice as opposed to transparency and accountability. WikiLeaks The networks founded and administered by Julian Assange became a hotspot upon the release of the leaks to the public domain. WikiLeaks released classified military footage that portrayed the indiscriminate murder of ten Iraqis in New Baghdad including children and Reuter employees from an Apache helicopter. The military was part of the cover up. In fact, it did not reveal how the Reuter employees were murdered. The military indicated that it was not aware of how children were caught up in the collateral murder. In a surprising turn of events, the investigations by the military concluded that the military personnel involved in the shooting acted according to the law of armed conflict and rules of engagement. WikiLeaks obtained the classified rules of engagement through Bradley. WikiLeaks through its founder, Julian Assange engaged the US government in heated debates leading to the prosecution of Bradley and the eventual conviction to 35 years in prison.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More WikiLeaks allegedly went to great lengths to validate the legitimacy of information obtained. The information was mostly obtained from military whistleblowers. It then disseminates the information to the public although some posed risk to the national security. The access to information by the Al-Qaeda network compromised the lives of secret agents in Afghanistan, Iraq and the entire Gulf Region. Professionals should hence endeavor to maintain integrity in executing their duties. Situation from the stakeholders perspective Military The military personnel prosecuting Bradley’s case were explicit in stating the stand of the military on matters ‘espionage’ and classified information. In one situation when the military courtroom judge inquired from the prosecutor regarding the action that he would have taken if the reports were leaked to the dailies, he responded that the same charges would be pressed against Bradley. The question was meaningful as it brought out wha t the military and the government considered ethical with regard to Bradley’s situation. The ‘yes’ answer revealed and presented the clear danger of whistle-blowing in the national security platform (Benkler, 2013). The vigor that the prosecutor employed in executing the case was a signal that the military would employ aggressive tactics in interpreting law that would present the government with a large stick to execute unclearly defined national security exposures. According to the military perspective, Bradley had turned into a traitor and deserved dire consequences. The Public Typically, the public supports individuals who reveal thrilling revelations on impunity and corruption in the government circles. However, when the individuals are cornered, there is little the public can do above demonstrating in support. This was the case with Bradley currently serving a 35-year jail term. The public is divided in viewing Bradley as a traitor and a sainted whistleblowe r. The Federal government and national security agencies Bradley may have been a sainted whistleblower in the eyes of his supporters. On the other hand, he was a traitor in the eyes of the federal government and security agencies (Keller, 2013). The government pressed charges of ‘aiding the enemy’ against Bradley. In turn, he was charged with various counts of violating the Espionage Act. Besides, aiding the enemy is reprimandable by death. Bradley Inherently, Bradley performed a typical American act. That is, he stood alone in taking a large force head-on. He intended to perform a heroic crusade for the good of America and the entire world. He believed there was moral essence to expose the undertakings by the American government and the military. He believed he was standing on high ethical grounds and acting on behalf of humanity that deserved to know about military engagements in wars. WikiLeaks The American patriots view WikiLeaks as an enemy willing to support other enemies in an effort to bring down the United States. The network is alleged to supply the al-Qaeda terrorist network with crucial cables and information on military operations in the Gulf region. On the contrary, Assange in particular view himself as a whistleblower that presents pressure valve hampered by individual risks although fueled through ethical courage mustered by the whistleblower. WikiLeaks view the actions and motives by Bradley as components of the long-respected tradition of exposing the undoing by the incumbent and past administrations. WikiLeaks takes the view that governments are for, of, and by the people. Since it exists at the behest of the people, it reserves no right to secrets. Major areas of conflict The different stakeholders in Bradley’s case take different perspectives. Bradley believed that he was justified in releasing the leaks to Assange. Just like Bradley, Assange believed that the act of releasing the leaks to the public was morally justifi ed since the secrets belonged to the public domain. Assange uses the motivation as the driving force to release controversial information from different sources. On the other hand, the military and the federal government view the actions by whistleblowers as a threat to the national security of the United States. International code of ethics The Australian Computer Society code of ethics The Australian Computer Society (ACS) values the professionals in executing the mandates bestowed to them by the members. The codes prescribed in the manuscript require the members to proceed with respect, decorum and efficacy of career in the arts and sciences of information processing. The code requires the members to maintain high standards of aptitude and ethical conduct devoid of dishonesty and impartiality. It requires the members to serve with forthright openness and be loyal to employers. In this respect, members must subscribe to the requirements of the employer irrespective of their take o n issues that may influence their relationship with the public, the employer and the public. In view of Bradley case, the military would have been justified to act in the way it responded to the exposure of classified information. The code would have expected Bradley to act responsibly in his undertakings as a military officer. Bradley would have been expected to serve the interest of the federal government, his employer (the military) and the entire American population. Secrecy is highly regarded in national security matters. It is typically necessary and justified in security issues. The charges pressed against Bradley were in support of the ACS values. The code places significant concern on individuals affected by the conduct of the member. Bradley would have been expected to maintain high degree of secrecy to avoid putting the security of the US in the hands of the enemy including the Al-Qaeda network. The exposure of the diplomatic cables and classified information exposed the American agents to danger. The British Computer Society (BCS) code of conduct The code of conduct sets the professional standards of competence, behavior and ethical practice for computer operation in the UK. The code expects employers, customers, the public and other professionals to anticipate similar standards of proficiency and conduct from members of the BCS as expected from the distinguished members of other profession such as engineers (Gotterbarn, 1992). The BCS sets standards of technical capacity that members must satisfy. It also stipulates standards of conduct that members must be conventional to and failure to which they are held responsible for any lapse. Accountability and competence are elemental for associates of a professional institution. The BCS has for decades contributed to the raising of standards of technical competence in the information systems community. In view of the BCS code of conduct, Bradley acted in contradiction to the BCS stipulated conduct. The B CS believes that members should be aware of the accountability of its members. This is not only for members to possess but also to exercise the proficiency consistently according to high personal integrity. The BCS revised the society’s code of conduct to ensure that the code remains sufficient and relevant to modern needs. It also gave widespread publicity so that the public is aware of the standards to expect from the members. Conversely, if the BCS codes were to be applied in the Bradley case, the council would have reprimanded Bradley. Bradley had duty to his employer called the military. He would have been expected to carry out his responsibilities with appropriate care and diligence devoid of compromising the secrets of the military in accordance with the requirements of the military. Bradley’s professional judgment was overruled and he had to bear the consequences of his actions. Members of the BCS are not allowed to disclose or authorize the disclosure of confi dential information obtained in the course of professional practice. Bradley violated the code by leaking classified information without prior written authorization by the military, and the government direction to release the information by a court of law. Bradley compromised his responsibilities, as he did not seek to avoid being in a position where he became privy to information relating to activities that conflicted his professional responsibility. In this regard, the stakeholders held the position that Bradley acted in contravention of his professional position. The IITP code of professional conduct This obligatory code outlines moral and professional conditions for information technology professionals in New Zealand. The Institute of IT Professionals (IITP) was founded in 1960. The members of the institute shall conduct professional activities with decorum, honesty and respect that merit the trust of the society and profession. The members shall employ honesty, expertise, judgm ent and inventiveness to add positively to the wellbeing of the community. In view of Bradley case, the IITP code would have required Bradley to take reasonable steps to enlighten himself and the employer of the economic, legal and social repercussions that would arise from his action of leaking classified information to WikiLeaks. The stakeholder position The stakeholders in each of the codes of professional conduct have high regards for the professionals to act in accordance with the stipulated codes. The designers of the codes sought to have the professionals align to the standards that do not compromise the security of information in possession by the professionals. The stakeholders hold the codes in high esteem. The members of the respective institutions are expected to treat the profession in stipulated standards devoid of compromising the position of the member and respect for the profession. Ethical viewpoints Ethical viewpoint means the way a professional views a situation in logical sense founded on a set of moral principles. Different professionals hold varied viewpoints depending on the circumstances. In view of Bradley case, different stakeholders held different viewpoints. Bradley on his part held the position that his action to release leaks to Assange was justified by the fact that the military had intentionally withheld information that was sensitive to the American society. Bradley believed that releasing the information to the public domain would help in revealing the military action in the suburb of new Bagdad. On the other hand, the military personnel, security agents and the federal government officials held the viewpoint that Bradley had acted maliciously and in contravention of the ethical standards stipulated under his profession as a security analyst. The vigor via which the prosecution of the case by the military court martial took was evident that the military anticipated having Bradley behind bars for a long time. The prosecution h ad sought to have Bradley charged with aiding the enemy which is punishable by death. Key differences between various ethical viewpoints The different ethical viewpoints taken by the stakeholders were meant to justify the position taken. The military considered Bradley’s position as one that compromised the national security of the United States. By initiating charges of aiding the enemy, the court martial prosecution sought to prove that indeed Bradley was a traitor that deserved severe consequences. Personal view on Bradley Manning In the recent past, there have been significant discussions regarding professionals leaking information that pose risks to the stakeholders. WikiLeaks and Bradley have been topics raising international concerns on how professionals handle ethical issues. The fact is based on the volume and sensitivity of the information Bradley leaked to Assange and consequently released by WikiLeaks. Discussions reveal that the media and authorities believe that there is a single central character to be concerned with in this regard. However, the protagonist is altogether different. Bradley would have been well intended to reveal his concerns about the undertakings of the government, security agencies and the military. The code of ethics stipulated in the military codes expected Bradley to maintain the integrity of information by not revealing the information to outsiders. The military personnel are bound by shared ethics and culture. It was wrong for Bradley to leak the information irrespective of the magnitude of the ills of the Bush and Obama administrations. This is founded on the fact that the revelations posed danger to the national security, the US citizen and agents outside the US. Bradley independently leaked thousands of classified documents. The move did not make him a folk champion in the broader culture. Manning took matters in his own hands by taking the large forces of the government individually. His whistle blowing has dir e consequences where national security is concerned. This fact did not deter him from leaking the information, as he believed that there was ethical significance to render secrets visible to the public that deserved to know more. Bradley performed the act of self-sacrifice. However, there was an unavoidable manifestation of self-aggrandizement. Some Americans are not ready to accept the novel version of informational cowboy. Some Americans hold the view that Bradley was hardly a well-intended whistleblower. Some indicate that he was ‘essentially a little person with bloated self-esteem and self-importance. Considering the Daniel Ellsberg case, Bradley was treated rudely by the Obama administration. Ellsberg was criticized for leaking the Pentagon Papers. Contemporarily, he is viewed as a chronological figure who founded the much-required accountability to the America’s hearing and determination of the Vietnam War. Unlike Ellsberg, Bradley is legally endangered and livin g in the position between a hero and a villain. Asked why he preferred to give the sensitive information of WikiLeaks instead of selling the documents to Russia or China, Bradley responded in true activist fashion, ‘It is public data belonging to the public domain and should be free (Ludlow, 2010). Subjective opinion Revealing controversial information Civic-minded individuals that encounter what they trust to be corrupt and illegal conduct typically take it upon themselves to leak relevant classified information. The Bush and Obama administrations as well as the Congress are notorious for betraying the established norms of the US system. These actions often incite whistleblowers to release classified information as a way of expressing discontent. Whistleblower laws that allow them an avenue for expressing dissatisfaction with federal and military activities motivate disgruntled employees within government circles. Key factors affecting decision include the fact that most Amer icans are sensitive to acts of civil disobedience. The Bush and Obama administrations along with the Congress have infringed basic customs and serious law in the pretext of national security. Civic-minded individuals are privy to the activities that motivate them to take controversial positions regarding the leaking of classified and sensitive information. Leakers are also motivated by the urge to get information to the public domain through the media to expose government guidelines to meticulous society discussions. Ethical/legal concerns arising from the spread of internet The development of technology is rapid. In fact, the development progressively affects lives in more ways than we are conscious about. It is imperative for the community to think constantly about the contemporary world we live in and the tools available for dealing with the changing world. The more tools that we develop the more explicit and implicit moral and legal issues that emerge. The power of the internet to reach global locations comes with it issues in conducting business. New technologies for collecting, manipulating and disseminating information have significantly impacted on the use and spread of information. Alongside the development of new technologies, there are ethical and legal dilemmas that emerge. The pace and effectiveness of electronic information systems including the domestic and global networks and databases compel individuals to face completely new rights, laws and responsibilities. Information is a source of power for the holder. It is essential to the success of individuals who have access to it. Developments in technology encompass communal and legal interactions. It is hence important to make moral considerations in how information is utilized by those with access to information. The spread of the internet modernly touch lives of individuals, the place of work and most government levels. Even individuals without access to technology are considerably affected. Th e rapid development of information systems legal issues lag behind technical developments. Information ethics bridge the widening gap as individuals and institutions discuss how the utilization of technology should proceed. Information morals involve choices people make relative to the rest of the society. It includes suitable behavioral standards and guidelines leading members of an occupation. Ethical issues related to information systems comprise of the control of and right of entry to information. Confidentiality of information and the mishandling of the same as well as other considerations are essential in dealing with information ethics. Conclusion Globalization and the rapid increase in the use of information technology systems in the emerging knowledge society raise many ethical, legal and societal issues. The access to information, the freedom of expression and the right to privacy pose challenges and complex concerns to human existence. Many advocates of civic-minded indiv iduals consider information technology systems as a basic right for all humans with government information as part of the public domain. It is imperative for the stakeholders to develop holistic, integrated and cohesive policies at national and international levels to guarantee effective and beneficial application of information systems. The policies will help in mitigating situations such as the Bradley and Assange’s cases. Governments should also ensure that information that will not compromise national security is made available to the public for the public to assess the operations of the government. The citizens’ vote for the government hence, the public deserves access to information held within government circles. The government, traditional media and security organizations should get unglued from the perception that there must be a single mastermind behind operations such as Assange’s WikiLeaks. Conversely, it is imperative for professionals to uphold the professional code of ethics in their respective professionals. References Benkler, Y 2013, The dangerous logic of the Bradley Manning case, newrepublic.com/article/112554. Carr, D 2013, Whistleblowers in limbo, neither a hero nor traitor, nytimes.com/2013/08/01/business/media/whistle-blowers-in-limbo-neither-hero-nor-traitor.html?ref=bradleyemanning. Gotterbarn, D 1992, ‘British computer society code of conduct’, British Computer Society code of Conduct, pp. 1-5. Keller, B 2013, Manning and Snowden, http://keller.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/30/manning-and-snowden/?ref=bradleyemanning_r=0. Ludlow, P 2010, ‘WikiLeaks and hacktivist culture’, The Nation, vol.1 no.2, pp. 25-27. Porter, C 2013, Who is Bradley Manning and why should you care? news.com.au/technology/who-is-bradley-manning-and-why-should-you-care/story-e6frfro0-1226658755452. Walcerz, M 2013, Legal and ethical issues in technology, ehow.com/list_7640133_legal-ethical-issues-technology.html.