Monday, September 30, 2019

Google Company Team Essay

Management team Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 30,000 employees worldwide, with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry. Executive Officers Larry Page CEO As Google’s chief executive officer, Larry is responsible for Google’s day-to-day-operations, as well as leading the company’s product development and technology strategy. He co-founded Google with Sergey Brin in 1998 while pursuing a Ph.D. at Stanford University, and was the first CEO until 2001—growing the company to more than 200 employees and profitability. From 2001 to 2011, Larry was president of products. Larry holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and a master’s degree in computer science from Stanford University. He is a member of the National Advisory Committee (NAC) of the University of Michigan College of Engineering, and together with co-founder Sergey Brin, Larry was honored with the Marconi Prize in 2004. He is a trustee on the board of the X PRIZE, and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2004. Eric E. Schmidt Executive Chairman Since joining Google in 2001, Eric Schmidt has helped grow the company from a Silicon Valley startup to a global leader in technology. As executive chairman, he is responsible for the external matters of Google: building partnerships and broader business relationships, government outreach and technology thought leadership, as well as advising the CEO and senior leadership on business and policy issues. From 2001-2011, Eric served as Google’s chief executive officer, overseeing the company’s technical and business strategy alongside founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Under his leadership, Google dramatically scaled its infrastructure and diversified its product offerings while maintaining a strong culture of innovation. Prior to joining Google, Eric was the chairman and CEO of Novell and chief technology officer at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Previously, he served on the research staff at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), Bell Laboratories and Zilog. He holds a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from  Princeton University as well as a master’s degree and Ph.D. in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley. Eric is a member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and the Prime Minister’s Advisory Council in the U.K. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 and inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences as a fellow in 2007. He also chairs the board of the New America Foundation, and since 2008 has been a trustee of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Sergey Brin Co-Founder Sergey Brin co-founded Google Inc. in 1998. Today, he directs special projects. From 2001 to 2011, Sergey served as president of technology, where he shared responsibility for the company’s day-to-day operations with Larry Page and Eric Schmidt. Sergey received a bachelor’s degree with honors in mathematics and computer science from the University of Maryland at College Park. He is currently on leave from the Ph.D. program in computer science at Stanford University, where he received his master’s degree. Sergey is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a recipient of a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. He has published more than a dozen academic papers, including Extracting Patterns and Relations from the World Wide Web; Dynamic Data Mining: A New Architecture for Data with High Dimensionality, which he published with Larry Page; Scalable Techniques for Mining Casual Structures; Dynamic Itemset Counting and Implication Rules for Market Basket Data; and Beyond Market Baskets: Generalizing Association Rules to Correlations. Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President and Chief Business Officer Nikesh oversees all revenue and customer operations, as well as marketing and partnerships. Since joining Google in 2004, he has held several positions with the company. Most recently, he led Google’s global direct sales operations. He also developed and managed the company’s operations in the European, Middle Eastern and African markets and was responsible for creating and expanding strategic partnerships in those regions for the benefit of Google’s growing number of users and advertisers. Prior to joining Google, he was chief marketing officer and a member of the  management board at T-Mobile Europe. While there, he spearheaded all product development, terminals, brand and marketing activities of T-Mobile Europe. In 1999, he started working with Deutsche Telekom and founded T-Motion PLC, a mobile multimedia subsidiary of T-Mobile International. Prior to joining Deutsche Telekom, Nikesh held management positions at Putnam Investments and Fidelity Investments in Boston. Nikesh holds a master’s degree from Boston College and an MBA from Northeastern University, both of which were awarded with distinction. He also holds the CFA designation. In 1989, Nikesh graduated from the Institute of Technology in Varanasi, India with a bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer David Drummond joined Google in 2002, initially as vice president of corporate development. Today as senior vice president and chief legal officer, he leads Google’s global teams for legal, government relations, corporate development (M&A and investment projects) and new business development (strategic partnerships and licensing opportunities). David was first introduced to Google in 1998 as a partner in the corporate transactions group at Wilson Sonsini Goodrich and Rosati, one of the nation’s leading law firms representing technology businesses. He served as Google’s first outside counsel and worked with Larry Page and Sergey Brin to incorporate the company and secure its initial rounds of financing. During his tenure at Wilson Sonsini, David worked with a wide variety of technology companies to help them manage complex transactions such as mergers, acquisitions and initial public offerings. David earned his bachelor’s degree in history from Santa Clara University and his JD from Stanford Law School. Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Patrick Pichette is Google’s chief financial officer. He has nearly 20 years of experience in financial operations and management in the telecommunications sector, including seven years at Bell Canada, which he joined in 2001 as executive vice president of planning and performance management. During his time at Bell Canada, he held various executive positions, including CFO from 2002 until the end of 2003, and was instrumental in the management of the  most extensive communications network in Canada and its ongoing migration to a new national IP-based infrastructure. Prior to joining Bell Canada, Patrick was a partner at McKinsey & Company, where he was a lead member of McKinsey’s North American Telecom Practice. He also served as vice president and chief financial officer of Call-Net Enterprises Inc., a Canadian telecommunications company. Patrick has been a member of the board of directors of Amyris, Inc., a synthetic biology company, since March 2010, and serves on its Audit Committee and Leadership Development and Compensation Committee. He also serves on the board of Trudeau Foundation. Patrick earned a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Università © du Quà ©bec à   Montrà ©al. He holds a master’s degree in philosophy, politics and economics from Oxford University, where he attended as a Rhodes Scholar.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Comparison and Contrast of Two Legal Journals

Upon first pondering the idea of comparing two legal journals, I automatically summoned thoughts of lugging a seventy pound book over to a table then blowing the dust off of it. In reality I found several journals to choose from, each with a few issues to select from. I chose Trial: Journal of Association of Trial Lawyers of America and Law Practice Management as my journals to compare/contrast. They were quite a stark contrast to what I imagined them to be, visually as well as in regard to content. Though the content and themes of the two journals differed, they were written in relatively similar ocabulary levels and style. I saw no advantages in one over the other, since they cover different subjects and both would most likely prove beneficial if in the possession of a Neither journal was intimidating, as I had perceived them to be in my imagination. Both journals followed a relatively similar information layout to that of PC Monthly or Car & Truck Digest, in that they resemble a magazine with an editorial section and a â€Å"News and Trends† section. They were both written in a vocabulary that was not heady at all in my eyes; any college student should manage reading it easily. In the case of Law Practice Management, one may need a firm grasp on financial lingo for some of the specialized articles relating to bookkeeping, but beside that, both journals were as easy to understand as Life magazine. Both journals had a special focus in each issue, with Trial mainly focusing on issues like civil rights, internet law, and other current issues that trial lawyers may not be familiar with. Some of the actual articles were â€Å"The Violence Against Women Act†, â€Å"Police misconduct†, and â€Å"Looking at State Constitutions. † Law Practice Management eals with topics relevant to lawyers as well as other corporate professionals that may deal with the legal profession, such as how to keep good relations with clients, how to increase your profits with legal fees. Their special feature of one issue was â€Å"Ten ways to make more money†, and another was â€Å"Keeping a life-long client. The journal also includes a large editorial section in the front of the magazine, followed by news on current technologies pertinent to the legal field. Both journals had rather small articles, but most all questions posed were answered thoroughly. Though most articles were concise, there were no gaps in their eporting of the story. Law Practice Management was relatively straightforward and unbiased, however, Trial seemed to take a liberal stance with how they structured their articles relating to civil rights. I took no offense to this, because I tend to take a more liberal stance on civil rights as well as other political issues. Being somewhat certain that I will continue to pursue a future as a lawyer and politician, I believe that this served as a helpful introduction to journals I may subscribe to in the future. A trial lawyer seems like an interesting profession, and Trial seems to be n easy-to-read, relaxed way of staying abreast current issues relevant to being a trial lawyer. The articles are informative, yet do not drag on for two or four pages. The vocabulary is pretty simplistic, and should not pose an intellectual threat to any individual in the law profession. Most people in the law industry probably want to maximize their profit potentials, where upon Law Practice Management will prove beneficial. This journal, too, is easy reading, and deals with current high-tech tools helpful in the legal field, as well as informative tips on a lawyer†s people and professional skills.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Long-standing and widespread hatred of the Jews Essay

Use your own knowledge to assess how far the sources support the interpretation that the decision to implement the Final Solution arose mainly from a long-standing and widespread hatred of the Jews. During the Nazi Party’s reign of Germany from 1933-1945, it is estimated that around 6 million Jews were slaughtered to death, whilst in Nazi concentration and extermination camps, during WWII. These Nazi ‘forced labour’ camps were set up all over the newly formed Weimar Republic, such as Auschwitz and Dachau, with their main function – genocide. The Nazi German policy to ‘exterminate the European Jews’ was shown through out the Holocaust, especially in the ‘Final Solution’ stage, which Hitler labelled as â€Å"the final solution of the Jewish question†. From the beginning of the Nazi reign of Germany, Adolf Hitler set about implementing laws that could ban Jews from doing specific things. By 1st April 1933, Jewish doctors, shops, lawyers and stores were to be boycotted. Not only this, but 6 days later, Hitler began to unravel his plan to Germany by producing a new law which banned Jews from being employed in government. These upper-class jobs were to be reserved for the ‘Aryan race’, as Jews were forced out of high positions to be replaced by ‘Aryan’ Germans. This begins to prove that there was a strong feeling of hatred towards the Jews from the Nazi’s which they would aim to implement nationally. Source A states that the influence of the Nazi’s was not as ‘widespread’ as many had come to believe. SOPADE reports how many of the German population have been convinced that ‘Jews start all bad things’. This is an example of the Nazi propaganda working for its intended purpose. Propaganda such as: speeches, posters, literature, radio shows etc, were aimed at the German public, trying to persuade them that the Jews were the root of what was wrong in Germany. However, source A also explains that the ‘vast majority’ of the population chose to ignore the ‘anti-Jewish propaganda’. Not only this, but they ‘preferred to shop in Jewish department stores’ almost as a protest to the new Nazi laws. However, as this piece was only written in 1936, 3 years after the regime had began and at least 5 years before the implementation of the Final Solution, it can be assumed that by 1936, the Nazi’s had not gained as much widespread support compared to 1941. Not only this, but this particular piece was written by an Anti-Nazi, socialist and therefore, this source cannot be seen as truly reliable, as it may show bias against the Nazi’s. Source B is an example of how a typical German girl was ‘brainwashed’ into supporting the Nazi regime and ‘totalling identifying herself with National Socialism’. The Nazi’s targeted many of the young German population with Hitler Youth groups and Nazi education schemes. The Hitler Youth groups were anti-Semitic groups which aimed to promote military activities, even resembling basic military training, including strategy and assault course tests. Melita Maschmann recalls the moment she ‘switched to accepting’ that the ‘Jews were the enemies’. She herself had been a member of the girls section of the Hitler Youth groups and she even begins to describe the moment from where she felt ‘something terrible had happened’ to ‘accepting the situation’. This is another example that the Nazi propaganda and schemes had begun to take effect. This account is written based on the events of Kristallnacht, where on a single night, 91 Jews were murdered and around 25,000-30,000 were arrested and deported to concentration camps, on the 10th November 1938. In source A, it stated that by 1936 not many of the population had been convinced the Nazi Party, however, source B suggests that the Nazi plan was starting to take effect by 1938. However, yet again it has be noted that this ‘recalled’ account was written after WWII in 1964, therefore events may have occurred that have changed this persons account of that night. Source C is a brief insight into what it was like to be in a family in Nazi Germany that had been separated by political views. Bernt Engelmann recalls how he spoke of the ‘unspeakable crudeness and cowardice’ of the Nazi’s, whereas his cousin, Klaus-Gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nther objected by stating ‘you have to accept the idea of political necessity’. This is in comparison with source A which suggested that there were conflicting, political views through out the German population. Not only this, but it also identifies with source B and the Nazi propaganda. It can be established that the cousin, Klaus- Gà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nther, has been influenced by Nazi propaganda, such as Hitler Youth and Nazi literature. He details his feelings towards the Jews by labelling them ‘parasites’. This again suggests that there was much widespread hatred of Jews, which of course could have helped make the decision to implement the Final Solution. The ‘future SS General’ Klaus, also argued that the violence at Kristallnacht was much better than a ‘hundred years of struggle’. However, clearly the Nazi propaganda had lead people to believe that the new Aryan race was superior to the Jews, and that they should make them pay and put the money towards ‘our defences in the West’. It also looks as though Hitler was preparing for war and felt that he could make the Jewish community pay for the German defences. Source D is the testimony of Hitler’s deputy, Rudolf Hess at the Nuremburg war crime trials in 1946. In his testimony he suggests that it was Hitler’s hatred of the Jews which forced the Nazis into ‘solving the Jewish question, once and for all’ – the Final solution. This order had been put to Himmler and Hess, through the extermination camps. From 1941 onwards, Jews were to be transferred to extermination camps, which generally had very high death rates as a result of executions, starvation, and disease etc, nevertheless, only the extermination camps were intended specifically for mass killing. Before 1941, concentration camps, such as Dachau and Belsen, had been the primary location in which Jews were mistreated, starved and killed. In the testimony, ‘Auschwitz’ is selected as the main location in which the Nazi extermination camp would be set up. In the Auschwitz concentration camp, Hess decided to make the gas chambers ten times bigger than the ones seen at Treblinka, so that they could kill 2,000 people at once, rather than 200. Later on in his testimony, Hess also stated that up to 3 million Jews were killed in the Auschwitz death camp. This is another example of how the Nazi’s attempted to wipe out the Jewish race; however it does not give any information on how widespread this hatred was in Germany. This source is fairly reliable due to the fact this testimony was given 5 years after the incident and the fact that he had flown himself to Scotland to restore peace with Britain. It could be suggested that once he had been arrested there was not a lot he could argue; due to the fact he was responsible for the death of millions of Jews. Source E attempts to argue that the Nazi policy had ‘not been set on genocide in the period before 1941’. Evidence that could be argued to back up this point is that Hitler did not order the transfer of Jews to extermination camps until 1941. He also states that Himmler regarded it as ‘impossible and against German nature’. However, both points could be argued that due to the mass amount of Nazi propaganda, it is hard to argue that Hitler was not always pining for a ‘super Aryan race’ and planned to ‘execute the European Jews’. Not only this, but it could be suggested that Himmler’s statement may also be seen as propaganda, as people may have began to question the Nazi policy, as stated in source B. Alan Farmer, also attempts to suggest that due to the fact the invasion of the USSR was not going to plan, Hitler was forced to ‘initiate extermination out of desperation’. Therefore, he began to kill all Russian Jews, ‘which lead him to decide to kill all Jews’. This idea conflicts with the majority of the other sources, which have relied on the mass amount of propaganda that was issued during the time, and that many of the authors of the sources were recalling sections of time from the period, whereas Source E is written by a ‘modern historian’. Although, it is fair to suggest that Alan Farmer may have had more information at his disposal and has also had more time to analyse the period. In conclusion, it does seem as though the large majority of the sources available agreed that there was a widespread hatred of the Jews throughout Germany, caused by the Nazi influence, and this did lead to Hitler implementing the Final Solution. I feel as though Nazi propaganda and other schemes such as Nazi-education, lead to a very convinced nation. I also believe Source B was a good example of how a child could be so easily ‘brainwashed’ into believing the ‘Jews were the enemy’, through Hitler Youth and Nazi Education.

Friday, September 27, 2019

ExxonMobil Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ExxonMobil - Essay Example In 38 countries Exxon has its exploration and production utilities and in 23 countries they have the production operation. The company has 38 refineries around the world. Close to 90% chemical business of Exxon is ranked first or second in the world, and they are the market leader in this field. ExxonMobil has invested $5 billion over the last five years in technological up-gradation (About Us, n.d.) Upstream In petroleum industry upstream indicates operation like search, recovery and production of crude oil and natural gas. This sector is also known as Exploration and Production sector. Under this division ExxonMobil have the following units- Earning from the upper stream as in 2008 was recorded $35.4 billion. The return on average capital in 2008 was 54% and earning per oil-equivalent barrel was $24.67. The total liquid production and the natural production which was available for sale was 3.9 million oil equivalent per day. The upstream capital and exploration spending was $19.7 billion. The graph indicates that the earnings from the upper division have been increasing constantly. In the year 2007, the earnings were $26497 million which further increased to $35402 by the year 2008. This indicates a sharp rise of 33.61%. This was possible because of the fact that the company managed to increase their production by 3.2 billion barrel oil equivalent per year through out the last five years. The finding and the resource acquisition cost has been gone to $0.66 per barrel which might go high in the coming years. If this happens then the company’s cost of production will go high leading resulting lower earnings in the future. The portfolio of ExxonMobil is one of the largest in the world which includes several units situated in the highly diversified region like extreme deep water heavy oil/oil sand, unconventional gas, arctic, liquefied natural gas, acid on sour

Thursday, September 26, 2019

MEMO Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MEMO - Research Paper Example By using the mobile application automated services, the county government will be in a position to curb many of their challenges such as corruption as all payments will be done on a particular banking pool, leaving no chance of the money into person individual pockets as has been the previous occurrence. Despite the fact that this particular study is still in its preliminary stages, I have it in plan to organize the proposal by describing various sub-topics of research, which addresses various aspects pertaining to the automation of services at the county offices by the use of mobile application systems. †¢ The first aspect of the proposal would be the identification of the common problems at the county government offices, which include corruption, availability of ghost workers in payroll lists, and slow processing of services. †¢ The major challenges attributed to the problems stated above include reduced revenue collection as more money ends in the pockets of few individuals, funds needed to run the government services. Additionally, poor management and use of outdated systems equally contribute towards loss of cash from double payments made in particular workers’ accounts together with the payment of wages to non-existent workers. †¢ Finally, the mobile application system would work to provide solutions to the challenges mentioned above in such a way that payments would be done to a single pool ensuring that no cash lands in the handle of individual county government workers. In addition to such, automation of services would eliminate the instances of ghost workers emergence. For the successful application of the proposal, I have structured a number of methods that will be necessary for working the plan. The process involves developing a particular mobile application to be used by the clients in connecting with the government. Currently, the application is ready for use. What remains for the use of project is the development of the necessary

Make one up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Make one up - Essay Example Particularly, the soul is immoral in the aspect that people represent the wholeness of all the others in the entire world. In simple terms, take for example the analogy of an ocean. The ocean comprises of many drops of water; every drop is a single entity and at the same time, forms at least a part of the entire ocean. Thus, in this ocean filled with life, human beings are little drops. This doctrine indicates that every person must identify himself with life for in everything that lives, the majesty of life in God’s presence perpetuates. Scholars point out that blood and flesh do not have the power to inherit God’s Kingdom. Additionally, they go ahead to state that the perishable cannot inherit the imperishable. For instance, many Greeks rejected Pluto’s argument towards death. To those who opposed, death’s prospect caused a sense of terror, thus clarifying the mystery (96).This means that our mortal bodies do not have the ability to inherit the Kingdom o f God as well as that which is perishable cannot what is imperishable. This shows that the soul is imperishable and immoral in that, when people talk of inheriting the kingdom of God, they do not exactly mean they will go physically to claim it. However, their souls will claim God’s kingdom. Agreeably, people die after serving their life existence in this world (86). Therefore, for them to inherit God’s kingdom, their souls need to remain in existence in order to fulfill this quest. Ideally, the need to inherit the kingdom of God makes the soul remain immoral and imperishable. The argument of life after death is not something new but existed anciently. This was a common perception with Greeks. Nevertheless, Stewards argues that the doctrine was not hopeful. This doctrine was objected by some of the Greeks despite the fact that a reasonable number followed the soul’s immortality doctrine. In addition, it is undoubtedly unwise to question the will power of Almight y God. When people talk of resurrection during the end days, they refer to resurrection of the soul. According to scriptures, the soul will come back to life as opposed to our physical bodies. As noted, our bodies are subject to sickness, diseases, and decay and thus cannot inherit the kingdom of God, as they are perishable. Nevertheless, our spiritual bodies shall rise again gloriously and dwell afterwards in the kingdom of God. In simpler terms, that who neglects the life present in the soul simply casts away the present good. This highlights that this kind of person refuses to live for God and squanders all that he has. Under this spectrum, the soul is immoral and imperishable in the way that those who neglect the life in it squander the life in their bodies and bodies do not last forever. In conclusion, noting that the souls that sin shall die is imperative. It is arguable that righteousness shall be upon those who do right and wickedness shall be upon those who do wickedness (8 8). Likely, Go manifests his presence in innumerable states in the universe. Every manifestation commands people’s spontaneous reverence. In the same way God is everlasting, the soul that inhabits and manifests its presence is indeed imperishable. David Stewart asserts that this world of sense is perpetually changing and every moment is coming to a state of flux hence indicating that it is immoral (96). The way in which this happens is another way in which the soul is immor

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Relevant Information for Decision Making case assignment 3 accounting Essay

Relevant Information for Decision Making case assignment 3 accounting - Essay Example Firstly because similar to the first situation, this is also a future cash flow. Again here the amount should be considered, however the lost profits should definitely not be finalised as this is not a sure value, but is merely an approximation. c) In the third situation, ‘The loss of $2.1 million on the "Without Basinger" film’, the lost profit value needs to be revised. This is mainly because it is the duty of Main Line to reduce its losses by law and this is referred to as the ‘Doctrine for Avoidable Consequences’ (Slovenko). When the company is aware of the possible loss, there is no chance that the company would enter into making the movie after having a clear view of the possible losses, i.e. $2.1 million. Here it is also essential to note that Basinger will not be held responsible for the losses as these are based on the expected sales versus the budgeted costs for Main Line. a) The $3 million salary drawn by Basinger for the final analysis is irrelevant to the determination of lost profits for Main Line. The main reason being that this is an opportunity cost for Basinger, for the course of action adopted by her. However in the case of lack of alternatives, Basinger will be able to contract her services at $1 million and the $3 million will prove to be a compensation for her services. Hence this is in no way relevant to the lost profits of Main Line (Cushman and Carter). b) In the case of ‘The comparison of revenues for Basinger films with revenues for Fenn films’, this again will not be relevant. Basinger is known for the historical success however there is a lack of predictability to determine the possible impact of Basinger’s participation in the current or future films and the revenues of the films. This can be based on the views of Lilliston that movies with big stars do not mean big revenues. The movie by Whoopi Homer and Eddie Bruce also provided complete support to this argument. Hence based on

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Question and answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Question and answers - Assignment Example ge is the natural kind of affection as that of parents towards their children in which they tend to put up with their children despite their shortcomings. The last type of love is the Philia love in which it creates for the application of conditions before reciprocating for the affection showed. Using the story of Ruth in the Old Testament, Ruth demonstrated agape love for her mother in law by staying by her side after her husband’s death meaning that this was unconditional. On the other hand, Naomi demonstrated philia love by allowing her daughter’s in law to move on with their lives ten years after their husbands had died because she felt that there nothing to offer them in gratitude (Williams & Denney, 2003). In contrast, Orpah opted to take up her mother in law’s offer to search for a better life that Naomi could no longer provide them hence demonstrating eros. Abraham portrayed eros love towards his wife Sarah despite her not being able to bear children for him in accordance with the promise that God gave to him. Although God allowed Satan to take away all of Job’s possessions but Job remained faithful to God. This demonstrated agape love in which Job did not seize to worship God because of the losses that Satan had forced on him making his love for God to be unconditional. On the other hand, the people that Job called friends beseeched Job to stop serving God because they said that God had abandoned him hence insinuating that they had eros love for God, which is a give and take way of portraying emotions. His wife also illustrated his eros love towards her from a sensual concept. God restored everything that Job had lost hence demonstrating that He rewarded his faithfulness even after giving the option of worshipping Satan inclining towards philia love. The second passage involves Abraham, where God ordered him to sacrifice his only son as an act of faith and his portrayal of his unconditional love agape. Further, God demonstrated philia love in

Monday, September 23, 2019

Marketing across culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing across culture - Essay Example Some segment markets may place importance on such color which is why Denon has to adapt. For example, in China and some eastern culture, the color of gold has favorable association unlike in the west where it is perceived as inappropriate for audio components. Warranties are also limited as a marketing strategy in some market to lower the price of the product to make it competitive in a price sensitive market. This could however pose issue in the long run because of the limited coverage of after sales support. What Denon could do is to improve its process to make it more efficient and relocate to regions where overheads are lower. The saved cost could be translated to lower prices without compromising the warranties of its products. 2 What are the problems you are likely to encounter with the distribution of your products in: China, Japan, and India? Which country poses the biggest problem? Explain your answer. The problems that will encountered in distributing products will depend o n the market it is being distributed. In China, there are two main problems that a distributor or manufacturer will encounter which is the attempt to counterfeit Denon and the competition against cheaper counterfeit or mediocre products. In Japan, it would be the intense competition because Japan is basically home to the best brands in electronics such as Sony. In India, it would be the channels of distribution because despite of its relatively progressive economy, India’s retail sector is still catching up. 3 Many products fulfill both a functional need as well as a social need. When deciding how much to adapt an existing product for a new foreign market, which type of need should a marketer focus on? Explain your answer. There is a marketing cliche that when one markets a product we should â€Å"sell the sizzle and not the meat†. In the same manner that a product should be marketed that instead of highlighting its features and functions, a marketer can instead capita lize on its â€Å"benefits†. We can cite for example the hotel industry where rooms and amenities are almost the same. Hotels like Hilton however market the experience of staying in their hotels instead of selling occupancy of their rooms. 4 Comparing a supermarket in Tokyo, Japan with one in Dallas, Texas, which of the two is likely to have higher sales of snacks and sweets (Items usually found near the cash register at the checkout)? Explain your answer using the most relevant cultural dimension. Japanese as a people is only beginning to catch up with the cultural value of the west in terms of snacking. They are also not as impulsive when they buy products such as snacks and sweets and tend to scrutinize brands and packages before making a purchase. To market snacks and sweets in Japan, it has to be placed in an aisle designated for such under a recognizable brand name. In Dallas, Texas however, it works well for sweets and snacks to be placed near the cash register where c onsumers can readily add it up to their purchases as an afterthought. American consumers are known to be more impulsive compared to their counterparts in Japan. 5 A multinational corporation has the choice of following either a financial integration philosophy or a financial independence philosophy. In the long term, which choice should result in a firm having more subsidiaries around the world? Explain your ans

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Beazer Homes Case Essay Example for Free

Beazer Homes Case Essay Investors were lead to believe that the company financials were healthier than they actually were, as evidenced by the changes noted when the financial statements had to be restated. As a result of doing this, investors who were under the impression of a healthier position, continued to invest in an organization that was essentially doing nothing more than stealing their money; money which could have been invested into a different enterprise rather than padding the pockets of executives that didnt earn it. As a result of having to restate financial statements, the per share price of Beazer Homes dropped from the $35/share price level in may, to approximately $11/share by the end of July. This is a significant loss in wealth for investors. In addition to the allegations against Mr. Rand for possible accounting fraud, allegations were also brought against Beazer Homes for mortgage fraud. To address the question as to which is a more serious offense, it would be our opinion that both would carry an equal weight of seriousness. On the one hand, investors were misled, as noted above, and this led to a significant loss of wealth for many, especially those individuals and/or institutions that may have held a large position. On the other hand, to address the issue of mortgage fraud, new homeowners were oftentimes cheated out of money that they paid to Beazer Homes. A example of this is when Beazer Homes would require purchasers to pay a fee for interest discount points at closing. Then Beazer Homes would keep the cash received and not lower the interest rate. This is just one example, but it can be an extremely costly one when you look at how much a . 25 percent or . 5 percent reduction in an interest rate can be over the life of a 20 or 30 year fixed rate mortgage; thats if Beazer Homes wasnt trying to convince people that an adjustable rate or hybrid mortgage would be better for their situation. Additionally, Beazer Homes ignored income requirements when making loans to unqualified purchasers, which not only put the purchaser in jeopardy of having the income needed to make their ayments, but in the event of default or foreclosure, it can have a significant impact on the home values of the neighborhood. As a result of these legal issues with Beazer Homes, the SEC issued a notice to the Beazer Homes CEO called the Wells notice. The Wells notice was created under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which states that if a firm has to restate their financial statements, the SEC can require the CEO and CFO to return any and all bonuses that were received during the period of restated financial statements. Additionally, the CEO and CFO do not need to have any knowledge of errors. The SEC issued the Wells notice to the Beazer Homes CEO, Ian J. McCarthy, on 13 November 2009, indicating that the SEC would be brining a civil case against him to collect incentive compensation. In the notice issued to the CEO, there was no indication or allegations of cover-up, or misconduct, on the part of Mr. McCarthy with respect to the financial statements or other disclosures that were published during the period in question.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Understanding The Definition Of Holy Books Religion Essay

Understanding The Definition Of Holy Books Religion Essay Where do they come from? What role do they have in our lives? How do they work? Do they have any benefit? Most people think of the holy books as a set of heartless rules, laws and ancient story empty of clear meanings, which are difficult for our mind to comprehend fully. Their languages are strange to our modern languages, we do not know their true meanings and their purposes, and we do not have any clue how they can help us in life. Prove 30:5-6, Romans 7 :12-14 Every word of God is pure he is a shield unto them that put their trust in him. Gods law is holy just good and spiritual. All of these concepts are justifiable because we do not know any thing about them as much as we should do, just to reach them for some religious events. No wonder we are not able to experience God because we do not know his words, the more we learn about Gods word the more we become that close to God. The Torah of Moses, the Psalms of David, the Gospel of Jesus and the Koran of Mohammad, they are magnificent holy books, pure truth, with matchless value, which come from the one and the same source. These heavenly books have been the most influential books in history all of them are miracle with no equal, beyond the capacity of human. Divine religions help people to save and develop their faith , their original holy books are best references which are exclusive from any personal preference, if the people do not add or take away from them for better translation or some times for personal advantage. Koran 32:2 This is scripture free from all doubt has been sent down from the lord of the worlds. They provide us with all the information we need to get enlightened and advanced. Through considering and appreciation our holy books, we could become conscious and to realize the universal realities, secrets, messages and cods. These heavenly books are, slightly cross bridge between visible and invisible worlds, connection between the creator and creature we have been honored with this amazing set of connections. These luminous books tell us how to purify our soul from the impurities for perfection in order to prepare ourselves for our journey toward God, we are people of love who want to observe and experience his love and truth. Their messages have addressed directly to all people regardless to their class, gender and age, they have instruction and information in different styles and ways for all classes of human beings in favor of their happiness. They are the source of truth and true knowledge, which teach us all rational, moral, spiritual matters and principle of happiness, make us aware of our creator through his magnificent creation, and explain our divine purpose for his creation. Romans 10:17 So then faith comes from hearing the words of God. These revelations are the life-maps for us to find our right path and any one could find his own share, they are Gods timeless speeches for whole universe regardless of era, sex, ethnic group and location. They reveal the tremendous meanings and purposes of life and are inspired by God for eternal life and salvation they are heavenly divine truth, religious beliefs, laws and mortality. These practical books contain different subjects; philosophy, sociology, history, psychology, physics, biology, law, tradition, spirituality, mortality, and religion, every body with different level of understanding can obtain benefit from them. Through them, we are able to see how God acts and rules in universe, their insignificant historical events have verity meanings we could draw universal conclusion from those ordinary events. They hold the vast store of divine purposes, facts, and bear hidden universal principle and general law even the rules of personal, social conduct and principal of happy life. Koran 3:164In deed God conferred a great favor on the believers when he sent among them a messenger from among themselves reciting to them his holy book and purifying them. These divines words are a gift of mercy beyond our expectations which enable us to attach ourselves to the spirit of God to see the source of truth, understand the way to the eternal life, find out about the secrecy of life and our magnificent destiny. They are healing for any kind of spiritual sickness that treats any patient in a certain way since human beings are different in the condition of their heart. They invite us to the unlimited peace and delight, the most important thing is to train our heart and our mind to unite with God. To have all answers to all our needs (physically and spiritually) according to our moral purity and our intellectual capacity, we would achieve perfection, and to elevate and revive our soul through learning and understanding these scriptures. God shows his true signs to people through his divinely revelation in order that they find out about the reality of creation. 2 Timothy 3:16 All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness, that the man of God may be perfect, thoroughly furnished unto all good works All revelations have specific purposes, to know and believe our creator through his creation, to open the door of more love and blessings, to achieve lasting happiness, to give inner power for faith testing trail. We should take Gods words prayerfully with all our heart because their truth protects our spirit and our body. God has blessed us with extensive knowledge and guidance we should learn and internalize the true meaning of his word through understanding, experiencing, following our heart and our conscience. The most important matter is, to apply Gods principles into our ordinary lives and avoid regretting from making wrong decisions in additional, to build our lives upon the solid rock of divines word in order to achieve eternal happiness. We should recite them over and over to fix them in our scattered heart firmly it means to recite them with the tongue of our heart. KORAN 5:15-16 In deed there has come to you from God a light and a clear book with which God guides him who seeks his pleasure to the ways of safety and brings them out of darkness into light by his permission and guides them to a straight path Every time we read them, our mind and our soul recognize the new truth and meaning from them. When we read them with holiness and sincerity, we discover new meaning and understanding. There is no point in reciting them with out understanding and contemplation. We believe in heavenly books because we follow our heart and our conscious, they are supported by light of faith and signs of Gods wisdom and power and mercy we glorify our God through thankfulness, obedience and specially loving attitude. James 2:21-24 Was not Abraham our father justified by works, when he offered his son Isaac upon the altar? You see that faith was active along with his works, and faith was completed by works, and the scripture was fulfilled which says, Abraham believed GOD, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness Hebrews 11:1 Faith is the evidence

Friday, September 20, 2019

Analysis of Rio Tinto Mining Company

Analysis of Rio Tinto Mining Company   Industry: Rio Tinto Rio Tinto is a leading global mining company that focuses on finding, mining, processing and marketing the Earths mineral resources [1]. Its mining operation operates globally ranging from Copper assets in America, coal in South Africa to Iron in Australia. Its current revenue in GBP sits at  £27.22bn operating at a net income of  £3.72bn. Year on year Rio Tinto grew net income at 433%. Since January 2016 share prices have risen from  £1700, to  £3600, as the mining sector has exploded. Its no great surprise, with the costs of iron ores rising, the manufacturing sector exploding, and the demand for commodities having gone through the roof. Its main competitors are also mining companies; Anglo American plc, Glencore PLC and BHP to name a few. They have followed similar trends to Rio Tinto and have seen their share prices soar in the most recent months. Table 1.0 shows the comparison in debt and equity between the four companies. 2015 Debt (mil USD) Equity (mil USD) RIO:LSE 23,300 37,349 AAL:LSE 17,967 16,569 GLEN:LSE 48,980 41,254 BLT:LSE 31,170 64,768 In 2016 Rio Tinto has managed to cut its debt to $18,372mil and grew its equity to $39,290mi. 2) By just looking at figure 2.2 we can determine how volatile the RIO share price has been especially since the winter of 2015. It seems every other month (since Nov 15), has either been strongly positive or strongly negative. Before these months, the share price followed a similar trend to that of the FTALLSH with a few exceptions (early 2013). The overall monthly mean return sits at 0.4%, 0.5% lower than the average mean return of FTALLSH. The standard deviation (risk) is also considerably higher at 8.31% (compared to 3.04% FTALLSH). As an investor, I would want my average return to be higher as the risk became higher. In this instance, this is not the case. FTALLSH has a higher return but a much lower risk, and as an investor, this would be my preferred choice. We must take into account that if as an investor we took a long position with RIO at JAN 16, our share value has doubled. Annual mean return data is calculated by: When looking at annual data (October of each year), we can see the mean return has significantly increased on both the FTALLSH and the RIO. The slope of the line through a portfolio is given by the Sharpe ratio (figure 2.4). The risk free interest rate per annum is 1%. FTALLSH has higher annual returns than the risk free interest rate, but RIO has much lower returns. As an investor, you want better returns for higher risk. If the return is less than that of a risk free investment, the investment in RIO is not worth undertaking. 3) Correlation measures the degree in which two markets move in relation with each other. The correlation value ranges from -1 to +1. If the correlation is 0, the markets do not move in relation at all. Both the annual and monthly data has a mediocre correlation against the FTALLSH. This is probably mainly affected by the last 6 months data shown in figure 2.1, with how volatile the RIO market has been. Covariance is also measured by how changes in one market are associated with changes in the other market. It doesnt really give the strength of the relationship between the two markets as well as correlation does. This is why it isnt used to determine the relationship but it is vital in finding the Beta of the portfolio. Expected return = Volatility = Annual, Monthly, Annually, the Beta of the RIO market vs the FTALLSH, is 0.75, to be expected, as the correlation is mediocre, and the mean return is also high. The Beta of the market should be exactly 1. Therefore, the asset is defensive. The expected excess return is linked to its risk. As the market has a Beta of 1, and the Beta of RIO is .75, the RIO beta is 25% less volatile. Monthly, the beta is above 1 and is 44% more volatile. If the market rises or falls by  £1, the RIO return will rise or fall by  £1.44. The Capital Asset Pricing Model allows the investor to identify the best portfolio of risky assets without knowing the expected return on each of securities [3]. The CAPM equation (annual return) implies a positive result. As the annual return suggested by the CAPM is only 8.5%, and the annual return computed for RIO is 1.24%, the market is under-performing, and investors are being under-compensated for bearing the market risk. Monthly return is slightly positive. As the monthly return for RIO is 0.40%, and the monthly CAPM is 0.09%, Rio is outperforming the return suggested by the CAPM. Therefore, investors are being over-compensated for bearing the market-risk. The CAPM also implies that the annual return has a higher risk but worse return, and the monthly return has a lower risk but higher return [6]. Limitations Monthly risk free rate will not be exactly 1% every single month Return on the market. The market return at any given time can be negative. CAPM is a backwards looking model. Anything can happen (environmentally, politically, etc.) that can change the market FTALLSH is a limitation and is not the true market portfolio. Annually Beta = 0.75. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise by If the market fell by 10% Monthly Beta = 1.44. If the market rose by 5%, the return would rise by If the market fell by 10% The monthly return has higher chance of greater returns, (the Beta is higher), however it also has a higher chance of bigger losses. If the markets rose by 5%, annually the investor would make a 4% return, vs 6.8% return on monthly data. Annual Return This means short selling RIO Tintos shares, and buying excess shares of market x. If the portfolio returns are uncorrelated, this gives a correlation of 0. As we know à Ã‚  = 0, the equation becomes Working out the portfolios Beta 4) CAPM Return = 8.5% To work out the PV of the project the company is considering, the discount factor is needed to be known. Assuming the companys required rate of return is given by the expected return on its equity, i.e. the CAPM return. As the CAPM equation has computed the expected returns, this is therefore the discount rate. The present value is worth more than the initial value of  £554,509.46> £500,000 so its a good deal for the company. This project could be set up for a multitude of reasons, which may affect its markets price in a positive way, such as new jobs for a local area, which in turn will boost the company politically which may also contribute to the success of the company. It is also important to note that even though the present value of the cost of this project is better than the contract being offered, RIO Tinto wont be positive in net return until the 9th year. The NPV is positive as expected, so the benefits outweigh the costs [3]. If the company wanted to just make cash money on  £500,000 they could just invest (risk-free) receiving,  £569,046 in 13 years time. 5) The method of comparables, values a firms cash flows directly, based on other firms (usually in a similar industry), that have similar cash flows or are expected to generate similar cash flows. The Law of One Price states that, If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in different competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets [3]. Using the Law of One Price we can use a company to measure (estimate) the valuation of a very similar company. As everyone knows, identical companies do not exist, but companies such as RIO, can have very similar competitors that prices can be judged by. The price/earnings ratio (share price / earnings per share), is the most commonly used ratio to measure the companys valuation. The more comparables there are, the better the reduced influence of any given company, making the overall result more trustworthy. When choosing the correct comparables to match against RIO, they all should have similar growth rates, similar required rate of returns and similar retention of earnings. I have chosen the three other mining companies, (Anglo American plc, Glencore plc, BHP) to compare against RIO. To value a companys current price using multiples: Using three other similar mining companies, to work out an average forward P/E ratio. According to Thomson Banker [9], the average P/E ratio of the three other companies (19.00) is much higher than the actual 10.98 RIO value (+73.04%). The Last Price Close of RIO on the 20/02/2017 was 36.46. The value we calculated is much higher than the actual value. Therefore, we have overvalued the share price, and should be bought. The P/E multiple is high for companies that have higher growth rates. The current P/E ratios are high across the board, with AAL, the only company estimating to grow its P/E next year. All three others are expecting to stop growing, with BHP (BLT), to step back massively. The companies compared above, are all mining companies, having spectacular performance in the markets, but realistically quite different. From figure 1.1, we know the difference in Equity and Debt values are similar, but RIO has much higher earnings per share (2.84), than any of the other three companies. Other than the Forward P/E ratio, RIO has the best values for all the metrics. We know that when we average the other three companies out, that the multiples based analysis will generally undervalue RIO. The differences are due to differences in expected risk, growth rate, etc. Multiples based valuation should ignore major anomalies, (e.g. GLENs 33.12 forward P/E ratio. Using the two other ratios gives an average of 11.98 which is much closer to the actual value of RIO). The set of comparables that were chosen (bar AAL), were not the best choice to match against RIO, as many of the metrics were so far apart. Q6) Arbitrage opportunities occur when a companys price across two markets is different, and will always have a positive Net Present Value. An investor, (who is known to be greedy and want any possible risk free return), will immediately attempt to buy the lower priced share on one market, and sell the same share on the higher priced market, instantly making him/her a no risk return. Everyone will attempt to trade using this method quickly, therefore, the lower priced market will rise and the higher priced market will fall, both eventually ending up at the same price. All markets aim to have an absence of arbitrage to stop any greedy investors from exploiting risk free returns. If equivalent investment opportunities trade simultaneously in different competitive markets, then they must trade for the same price in both markets [3]. If the Law of One Price is being applied correctly, there will be in absence of arbitrage across all markets. Bond Prices and interest rates also need to follow the Law of One Price. If a bond of a certain market gave a higher return than the risk free rate, they both need to follow the Law of One Price. The risk-free interest rate must equal the return from the investment of the risk-free bond. American Depository Receipts are quick and easy ways for investors in the US, to trade with foreign companies [10]. US banks will buy foreign shares and reissue them on US markets. However, each share does not equal the same amount as the original market. US banks will often group shares together, and reissue them separately on their markets. ADRs exist because foreign companies dont want the expense or hassle of listing their stocks on the foreign to them US market [10]. To invest in an ADR, brokers will need to buy foreign shares of said company, on their respective markets. He/she will then deliver these shares to a Custodian bank. Another bank, the Depositary bank issues receipts, on the basis those shares held by Custodian banks. Those receipts can then be traded freely across US markets, with payments, dividends etc., being paid in US dollars. ADRs save money by reducing foreign taxes and administration costs, and also because they give the company exposure. There are many risks involved with ADRs. Like normal market shares, there are political risks, inflationary risks etc. However, with ADRs, there are exchange rate risks. Using Tesco as the example [8], as the exchange rate of USD: GBP continues to improve for the US market, many investors will be looking to buy into British companies as its cheaper for them to do so. As the British and US markets trade at different hours, the closing prices of the Tesco share will be different, but in the normal market, the price of Tesco will be the same across all of the three different exchanges, (the Law of One Price), relative to that of their respective growth rates. Every Tesco ADR share represents 3 normal shares [8]. The current value of Tescos is 189.77p, and the value of its ADR = $7.19 [7]. If we divide the ADR value by 3. Using the current exchange rate of  £1 = $1.25512 [4]  £1.91 is slightly higher than the actual value of Tesco ( £1.90), but this is not taking into consideration the costs of administration, and exchange fees. The above is showing how the Law of One Price is applied across two different markets. Bibliography [1] FT. (2017) Rio Tinto PLC, RIO: LSE summary FT.com. Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/summary?s=RIO:LSE (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [2] About us (2017) Available at: http://www.riotinto.com/about-us-108.aspx (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [3] Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2013) Corporate finance. 3rd edn. Harlow: Pearson/Education. [4] GBP British pound (no date) Available at: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/convert/?From=GBPTo=USD (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [5] MINING (2011) Market data metal prices and world mining markets. Available at: http://www.mining.com/market-data/ (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [6] Payne, R. (no date) Foundations of Finance. Available at: http://moodle.city.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=22726#section-0 (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [7] Tesco PLC (ADR): OTCMKTS: TSCDY quotes news Google finance (2017) Available at: https://www.google.co.uk/finance?cid=664658 (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [8] Tescoplc (2016) ADR information. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/investors/shareholder-centre/adr-information/ (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [9] Thomson ONE banker (no date) Available at: http://banker.thomsonib.com (Accessed: 24 February 2017). [10] Staff, I. (2003) American depositary receipt ADR, in Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/adr.asp (Accessed: 24 February 2017).

Thursday, September 19, 2019

The Year 2000 is Coming! :: Millenium New Year 2000 Essays

The Year 2000 is Coming! Here we are close to the dawn of the millennium. An even 2000 years has passed since man has decided to start counting. That has to be significant, doesn't it? Conspiracy theorists, self- proclaimed prophets, and doomsayers can take this opportunity to spread rumors of world destruction or take ancient prophecies and interpret them to their liking. Life must be getting boring or over stimulating for these folks. There are so many different groups spreading awareness in preparation for the millennium. One can obtain knowledge on this subject by contacting a group who call themselves TEOTWAWKI (an acronym for the end of the world as we know it), Armageddon, or on the countless Y2K websites. There are many people involved in the frenzy surrounding Y2K. We have a Y2K coalition right here in Arkansas. The citizens of Harrison have formed a group called Y2K watch. Around one hundred people meet bimonthly to discuss strategies for getting through the millennium. They have even attracted outsiders. Jerry and Carolyn Head moved from a Dallas suburb to Harrison to escape the millennia madness. They have stocked up buying a generator, livestock, and hundreds of toilet paper rolls. They claim to just be â€Å"planners† and not part of the Y2K worriers in which "most of them are nuts". Y2K,which stands for year 2000, is the confusion of our computer systems when the clock strikes 12:00 on January 1, 2000. When computers were first developed they were the size of small rooms and stored data on thousands of punch cards made out of cardboard. To save space, engineers used two digits to indicate the year. Now that we are approaching the year 2000, they realize the ambiguity of the year being 00 will apparently throw all of the computers off. Many people have declared this a disaster. One family in Ohio has really gone to extremes. They have bought the usual for survivalists, a generator and food (a years supply). In addition to this, they have invested in a waterbed in case the water companies crash and are unable to distribute water. Y2K drills are frequently practiced in the house to ensure all the appliances will work with the generator. The mother has tried to raise awareness among the community and cannot understand why the Girl Scout leader turned down her offer to lecture on the subject.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Operations Management Theory: Reconciling Capacity and Demand Essay

Question 3: Draw on appropriate Operations Management theory, concepts and frameworks to examine how your organization, or an organization with which you are familiar, reconciles capacity and demand. Information technology services industry is a highly competitive cost based operation sector where availability of resources, tangible and intangible is key to successful projects. This makes a significant challenge to accurately reconcile capacity and demand. OpenText is a leader in providing enterprise content management solutions and we will analyse consulting services provided in the European market along with effect on demand with today’s changing economic environment. Slack et al (2009, p.248) defines relationship between capacity and demand as: "Capacity is the output that an operation (or single process) can deliver in a defined unit of time. Demand is the quantity of products and services that customers request from an operation or process at any point in time". Managing capacity is an on-going effort in the industry by reducing cost through repeat business from existing customer and by engaging new potential customers; This while managing customer expectations and ensuring quality of service. Customer engagement and service delivery are key to OpenText’s economic competiveness in the market. Employee development and attracting highly skilled individuals to the organisation are essential in delivering quality service. When considering potential projects, OpenText need to know the resource availability to perform the tasks. This demand for resources is weighted against who is available (capacity) to determine if additional resources are required to meet the demand and if required what types of resources are needed... ...ly uncertainty. IIE Transactions 34 717-728. Slack, N., Chambers, S., Johnston, R., Betts, A.,(2009). Operations and process management: Second edition. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited Roth, A.V. and Velde ,M V D.(1991), â€Å"Operations As Marketing : A Competitive Service Strategy†, Journal of Operations Management ,Vol. 10 ,No. 3,pp 303-328 Chiang, W. K. and Feng, Y. (2007). The value of information sharing in the presence of supply uncertainty and demand volatility. International Journal of Production Research, 45 (6), 1429-1447. Hum,Sin Hoon (2000), â€Å"A Hayes-Wheelwright framework approach for strategic management of thrid party logistics services†,Integrated Manufacturing Systems,Vol .11/2,pp 132-137 Buxey,G.(1993). Production planning and scheduling for seasonal demand. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 13(7),4-21.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Hamstring Tightness Is Common Health And Social Care Essay

Among the musculus undergoing adaptative shortening, hamstring is the 1 normally traveling for adaptative shortening. The hamstring comprises of three big musculuss viz. semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and bicep femur which arises from the tubercle of ischial bone. They are present over the posterior compartment of the thigh and cross the hip and articulatio genus articulations. Hence they are the extensors of the hip and flexors of the articulatio genus. Hamstringing stringency is common in normal single because of immobilisation of a tissue in a sawed-off place consequences in adaptative shortening. As the musculus shortens, its snap of the normal tissue was decreased and a alteration in the length tenseness relationship of the musculus, loss of flexibleness besides occurs. Hamstring stringency could do the musculo sinewy unit more susceptible to injury, increase opposition to assorted anatomical constructions, which may take to overdrive syndrome. Stringency could besides leads to pathological conditions at the articulation on which the musculus Acts of the Apostless, particularly on a musculus like hamstring which passes over the two articulations. Muscle stringency has a important impact on neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationships. When one musculus in a force twosome becomes tight or hypertonic, it alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved articulation. This affects the interactive map of the full kinetic concatenation, taking to unnatural emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular/lymphatic stasis. Muscle stringency besides cause mutual suppression. Increased musculus spindle activity in a specific musculus will do reduced nervous thrust to that musculus ‘s functional adversary. This alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved section. Flexibility has been defined as the ability of a musculus to lengthen and let one articulation ( or more than one articulation in a series ) to travel through a scope of gesture. Anderson and Burke defined Flexibility as the â€Å" scope of gesture available in a joint or a group of articulation that is influenced by musculuss, ligaments and castanetss † . Loss of flexibleness agencies reduced ability of a musculus to deform. Loss of flexibleness may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace, lumbar pelvic beat was disturbed, anterior pelvic joust was restricted, lumbar gesture was increased. Excessive mobility of lumbar spinal column leads to pulling of lumbar ligaments and accordingly hurting and instability. ( Levangie and Norkin, 2001 ) Loss of flexibleness can besides do hurting originating from musculus, connective tissue or periosteum. ( Hardy, 1989 ; Tillmann and Cummings, 1992 ) With respect to of import function of hamstring flexibleness Restoration of its normal length is necessary. Muscle tissue length is thought to play an of import function in efficiency and effectivity of human motion. Benefits of flexibleness is to heighten the scope of gesture, improved organic structure place, possible alleviation of achings and hurting, protection against low back hurting and hurts, decrease of station exercising musculus tenderness, and promotes relaxation. Hamstringing stringency can be measured utilizing the ( 1 ) Active one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 2 ) Passive one-sided straight leg rise trial, ( 3 ) Sit and make trial, ( 4 ) Active articulatio genus extension trial. Straight leg rise trial are widely used as a neurologic trials, hence they do non give valid steps of hamstring stringency because of pelvic rotary motion that occurs during the trial. Active articulatio genus extension trial is the dependable trial. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon length by altering their viscousness and malleability ( Ziskin et al, 1986 ) . Skeletal musculuss have a higher rate of soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges when compared to fatty tissue. ( Dyson, 1987 ; Low and Reed, 1990 ) . Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of the collagen. As hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater forces was increased. Ultrasound increases soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening ( Folconer et al, 1992 ) . Inactive stretching allow the musculus spindle to suit, cut down their fire rate ; hence inactive stretch is effectual in increasing the length of musculus. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) . Longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of additions in scope of gesture ( Feland et al, 2001 ) . Stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did non increase musculus flexibleness ( Beaulien, 1981 ) . Inactive stretch of 30 seconds is sufficient to increases the hamstring musculus length. Combination of ultrasound therapy with 30 seconds stretch is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with 15 seconds stretch in increasing hamstring flexibleness ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein, and R.Nazok 2006 ) . Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) are manually applied stretching techniques that use rules of neurophysiology to loosen up hyperactive musculus and stretch inveterate shortened musculuss. Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) have the ability to loosen up hyperactive musculuss or stretch tight musculuss and their associated fascial constituents when connective tissue or viscoelastic alterations have occurred. When utilizing Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) , it is of import to relax/inhibit the neuromuscular constituent before trying to stretch the involved muscular structure. Two cardinal neurophysiologic rules account for the neuromuscular suppression. The first rule of Muscle energy techniques ( MET ) is post contraction suppression / autogenous suppression / station isometric relaxation. The 2nd rule is mutual suppression. Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension in persons with hamstring stringency ( Ballantyne 2003 ) . Muscle energy technique is significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness in collegiate males ( Wassim.M et Al 2009 ) .1.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:Continuous ultrasound therapy, inactive stretching, musculus energy technique ( MET ) are important in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. These methods of intervention are good accepted and practised by assorted research workers harmoni zing to old literature, but there was no survey to compare the consequence of musculus energy technique ( MET ) and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. So the intent of this survey is to analyze the efficaciousness of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.2 Purposes:To happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.3 Aim:To analyze the consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To analyze the consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. To compare the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.4 KEYWORDS:Hamstringing flexibleness, Muscle energy technique, Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, Active articulatio genus extension trial.1.5 HYPOTHESIS1.5.1 Null Hypothesis:There is no important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.1.5.2 ALTERNATE HYPOTHESISThere is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important consequence of ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. There is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.II.REVIEW OF LITERATUREHamstring Stringency:Worrel et Al ( 2003 )Stated that hamstring hurts in jocks is chiefly due to the deficiency of hamstring flexibleness.Kishner and Colby et Al ( 2002 )Stated that equal mobility of soft tissues and articulations is thought to be an of import factor in bar of hurt ( or ) reinjury to soft tissues.Donald E Hartig et Al ( 1999 )Stated that addition in hamstring flexibleness lessenings overuse hurts in lower appendages.Sarhmann.S et Al ( 1997 )Stated that musculus stringency and hypertonicity has a important impact on the neuromuscular control. Muscle stringency affects the normal length tenseness relationship.Bullock-Saxton.J, Lewit.K et Al ( 1997, 1984 )Stated that musculus stringency alters the normal arthrokinematics of the involved arti culation. This affects the interactive map taking to abnormal joint emphasis, soft tissue disfunction, nervous via media and vascular or lymphatic stasis.Ronald F, Zernickle et Al ( 1996 )Stated that pull outing flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity.Zachazewski et Al ( 1989 )Stated that loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace.Cummingss, GS, Crutchfeld, CA, Barnes et Al ( 1983 )Stated that stringency is referred to mild shortening of a healthy musculo sinewy unit otherwise referred to as a mild transeunt contracture. A musculus that is â€Å" tight † can be lengthened to all but the outer bounds of its scope. Normal person who do non on a regular basis take part in a flexibleness plan can develop mild myostatic contractures or stringency, peculiarly in two joint musculuss such as hamstrings , rectus femur or gastronemius.Fox E.L et Al ( 1979 )Stated that flexibleness enhances motion by bettering organic structure consciousness with greater easiness and sleight.Lawrence Gold et AlStated that the hamstrings are the musculuss that run from buttocks and below the articulatio genuss up to the dorsum of the thigh till the â€Å" sitbones † . Soft tissue hurts, articulatio genus hurting, lacerate semilunar cartilage, chondromalacia kneecap and hapless position frequently come from tight hamstrings. Tight hamstrings can forestall the person from making full extension or from flexing over wholly.ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingShadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a survey to analyze the consequence of two different manners ( Continuous versus Pulsed ) in diminishing the shortening of hamstrings. Thirty non impaired work forces aged 20 to 30 old ages were included. Ultrasound was applied over short hamstrings. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Continuous ultrasound of 2W/CmA? , 1MHZ, five proceedingss and Pulsed ultrasound of 200A µs explosion of 1MHZ, 0.5W/CmA? , five proceedingss was used. They concluded that the warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings.Meroni, Roberto, Cerri, Cesare Giuseppe, Lanzarini, Carlo, Barindelli, Guido, Morte, Giancesare Della, Gessaga, Viviana, Cesana, Gian Carlo, DeVito, Giovanni et Al ( 2010 )Stated that the addition in flexibleness was maintained for a period of 4 hebdomads after the surcease of preparation. This betterment was more significantly noticed in active stretching group by utilizing active articulatio genus extension trial than the inactive stretching group.Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the superficial ( or ) deep heat applications before inactive stretching exercisin gs shows positive effects to increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss.Nichole Lee Lounsberry et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the ultrasound intervention produced greater immediate additions in hamstring extensibility than moist heat battalions intervention.A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok et Al ( 2006 )Stated that the additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings.Denegar C, Saliba E, et Al ( 2006 )Stated that 3 MHZ ultrasound provides superficial warming, 1MHZ ultrasound heats tissue at deepness of 3-5 centimeter and is considered to be a deep warming agent.Odunaiya N.A, Hamzat T.K, Ajayi O et Al ( 2004 )Stated that statically stretching tight hamstrings for any continuance between 15 and 120 seconds on surrogate yearss for six hebdomads would significantly increase its flexibl eness. The consequence was besides sustained for upto 7 yearss post intercession.Trae Sakiyo Tashiro et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n't showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population.C.D.Weijer et Al ( 2003 )Stated that the inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length.Feland et Al ( 2001 )Reported that longer keep times during stretching of the hamstring musculuss resulted in a greater rate of addition in scope of gesture.Prentice WE, McClure M, Becker RO et Al ( 2001 )Stated that when slow stretch applied to muscle, golgi tendon organ get stimulated and thereby muscle tenseness is reduced. This leads is to an addition in length of musculus.Robert and W ilson et Al ( 1999 )Stated that inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation.William D Bandy et Al ( 1996 )Stated that a inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al ( 1995 )Stated that the continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss.Bandy WD, Irion JM et Al, Lentell G, Hetherington T et Al, Madding SW et Al ( 1994 )Stated that Inactive stretching is a method of stretching in which the musculuss and connective tissue being stretched are held in a stationary place at their greatest possible length for some period. When utilizing inactive stretching on a clinical footing, stretches should be held a lower limit of 15 to 30 seconds.Chan et Al ( 19 93 )Stated that sinew ranges greater temperature and heat more rapidly than musculus and the sinew was able to keep vigorous heating for longer period than musculus.Draper D, Sunderland S, Kirkendall et Al ( 1993 )Stated that tendon tissue is less vascularized than musculus tissue ; sinews will retain heat for longer periods of clip.Folconer et Al ( 1992 )Stated that ultrasound additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening.Gordon and Ghez et Al ( 1991 )Stated that inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire.Low and Reed et Al ( 1990 ) , Dyson et Al ( 1987 )Stated that low soaking up of ultrasound moving ridges is seen in tissues that are in H2O content ( eg. , fat ) , whereas soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein ( e.g. , s keletal musculus ) .Warren C, Lehman J, Koblanski J, Strickler T, Malone T, Masock A, Garrett W et Al ( 1990 )Stated that ultrasound therapy can be used to aim the collagen rich sinewy unit of the hamstring musculus because of its ability to perforate deeper tissues, and shown that increasing the temperature of collagen to 40A ° Celsius will increase the snap of the tissue. This increased extensibility allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of the tissue.Gajdosik RL, Godges JJ et Al ( 1989 )Stated that a low strength maintained stretch that is applied bit by bit is less likely to ease the stretch physiological reaction and increase tenseness in the musculus being lengthened. This is called inactive stretch.Ziskin et Al ( 1986 )Stated that an increasing in tendon length following uninterrupted ultrasound therapy is due to alter of their viscousness and malleability.Beaulien et Al ( 1981 )Stated that stretch continuance lower than 30 seconds did n't increase musculus flexibleness.Coakley et Al ( 1978 )Stated that frequence of 1MHZ ultrasound used for patients with more hypodermic fat who sustained hurts at deeper degree because of its incursion to a deepness of 3 to 5 centimeter.Lehman et Al ( 1968 )Emphasized on the thermic effects of uninterrupted ultrasound compared to other heating modes in increasing hamstring flexibleness.De Vries HA et Al ( 1962 )Stated that inactive stretching offers advantages of utilizing less overall force, diminishing the danger of transcending the tissue extensibility bounds, lower energy demand, and a lower likeliness of musculus tenderness. Inactive stretching besides has less consequence on the Ia and II spindle sensory nerve fibers than ballistic stretching, which would be given to increase a musculuss ‘ opposition to stretch and ease Golgis tendon organ, thereby cut downing the contractile elements opposition to distortion.MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE:Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Sham in, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd et Al ( 2010 )Conducted a survey in Indian collegiate males on hamstring flexibleness by comparing the effectivity of musculus energy technique and bizarre preparation. Sum of 20 males with hamstring stringency falling between age group of 18-25 old ages were included in the survey. Hamstring stringency was measured by popliteal angle/active articulatio genus extension trial. One group was treated with musculus energy technique and the other with bizarre preparation. This survey stated that hamstring flexibleness can be improved with musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation than bizarre preparation.Wassim M et Al ( 2009 )Reported that musculus energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency.Azadeh Shadmehr, Mohmmed Reza Hadian, Sedigheh Sad et Naiemi, Shohreh Jalaie et Al ( 2009 )Concluded that the hamstring stretches in normal immature adult females utilizing either inactive stretch or musculus energy technique had similar effects on reconstructing flexibleness to hamstrings.Madeline Smith, Gary Fryer et Al ( 2008 )Stated that the musculus energy technique is effectual in increasing hamstring extensibility, and at that place appeared to be sustained betterment one hebdomad following the initial intervention.Ross A, Clark et Al ( 2008 )Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased.Lindsey Samilian et Al ( 2007 )Stated that musculus energy technique is a method used to beef up weak musculuss, lengthen the short musculuss ( or ) increase a musculus ‘s scope of gesture. These techniques involve stretch during which a mutual force is imposed on the targeted musculus for short period of clip, doing the mu sculus to loosen up and stretch farther.Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P et Al ( 2003 )Conducted a survey to happen the effectivity of musculus energy technique in increasing inactive articulatio genus extension and to research the mechanism behind any ascertained alteration. Forty symptomless topics between age of 18 to 45 old ages were indiscriminately allocated to experimental and command group. Experimental group was given with musculus energy technique and Control group with no intervention. They concluded that musculus energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch.Chaitlow L, Liebenson C et Al ( 2001 )The other name for Muscle energy technique is active muscular relaxation technique.Freyer G et Al ( 2000 ) , Richard L, Gajodsik, Melonie A, Rieck and Debra K et Al ( 1993 )Stated that an addition in flexibleness after musculus energy technique occurred due to bi omechanical or neurophysiologic alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching.Lewit et Al ( 1999 )Concluded that station isometric relaxation is directed towards relaxation of hypertonic musculus, particularly if this relates to reflex contraction or the engagement of myofascial trigger points.Lewit, Libenson, Murphy et Al ( 1999 )Stated that station isometric relaxation is an first-class technique for handling neuromuscular component musculus of a stiff, shortened or tight musculus.Lewit et Al ( 1999 ) , Greenman et Al ( 1989 )Suggested that in musculus energy technique, the keeping clip of 7-10 seconds is more effectual than 3-5 seconds.Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Stated that addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch o n golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus.Goodridge and Kuchera et Al ( 1997 )Suggested that 3 repeats of isometric contractions is optimum in using musculus energy technique.Lederman et Al ( 1997 )Stated that a viscoelastic alteration in musculus is responsible for the addition in musculus flexibleness after musculus energy technique.Chaitlow L et Al ( 1997 )Stated that the isometric contraction should be held for 10 seconds. This is the clip required to excite the excitatory threshold of the Golgi sinew organ, which has a neurophysiologic inhibitory consequence on the musculus spindle. This provides the chance to take the musculus into a new scope of gesture. Following the isometric contraction, there is a latency period of about 25 to 30 seconds, during which the musculus can be stretched.Philip Greenman et Al ( 1996 )Stated that manual medical specialty intervention process includes Muscle energy technique which involves the contraction of the topic ‘s mus culus by the voluntary attempt in a exactly controlled way, at different degrees of strength, against a counterforce applied by the operator. This process can be used to lengthen a sawed-off, contracted or spastic musculus ; to beef up a physiologically diminished musculus ; to cut down localised hydrops, to mobilise an articulation with restricted mobility.Ward, Robert C et Al ( 1990 )Stated that musculus energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction.Libenson et Al ( 1989 )Stated that musculus energy technique is effectual in handling the musculus tenseness upset and it efficaciously relaxes stretches, strengthens the musculuss and re-educate unnatural sensory motor tract.Lewit et Al ( 1986 )Stated that when a musculus is isometrically contracted its adversary will be inhibited and cut down tone instantly.Stiles and Greenman et Al ( 1984 )Suggested that musculuss which requires stretching ( agonist ) should be the chief beginning of energy for isometric contractions and achieves a more important grades of relaxation and so a more utile ability to later stretch the musculus were the relaxation consequence being achieved through usage of adversary ( utilizing mutual suppression ) .ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSION Trial:C.M. Norris et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial when used in concurrence with goniometry, accurate surface devising, and manual monitoring of the trial leg is a dependable step of hamstring musculus length.M.Mathews et Al ( 2005 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension represents maximal length of hamstring musculuss.Denise M. Cameron, Richard W. Bohannon et Al ( 1985 )Stated that active articulatio genus extension trial is said to be a utile option to the consecutive leg raise trial for supplying an indicant of hamstring musculus length.Gajdosik R.L et Al ( 1983 )Stated that active articulatio genus extensi on trial is a more nonsubjective step of hamstring stringency which produces high dependability co-efficient.III. METHODOLOGY3.1 STUDY DESIGN:Pre trial and station trial experimental group survey design.3.2 STUDY Setting:Study will be conducted at Physiotherapy Out Patient Department, KG College of Physiotherapy, Coimbatore.3.3 STUDY DURATION:Entire continuance was one twelvemonth. Individual received the intervention for the continuance of one hebdomad.3.4 POPULATION STUDIED:30 normal persons with hamstring stringency who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards were selected and divided into two experimental groups by simple random trying method. Each group consists of 15 patients. Groups are named as group A and group B3.5 CRITERIA FOR SELECTION3.5.1 Inclusive Standards:Age between 18 to 25 old ages Both males and females Normal persons with tight hamstrings ( inability to accomplish greater than 160A ° knee extension with hip at 90A ° flexure. )3.5.2EXCLUSIVE Standards:Low back pain – Acute accent or chronic. Hamstringing hurt – Acute accent or chronic. Soft tissue hurts around articulatio genus. Pregnancy. Metallic element implants in lower appendage. Recent break and stiffness in lower appendage.3.6 Variables:3.6.1 Independent Variables:Muscle energy technique. Ultrasound therapy with Inactive stretching.3.6.2 Dependent Variables:Hamstringing flexibleness.3.7 Parameters:Hamstringing flexibleness3.8 MEASUREMENT TOOLS:Active articulatio genus extension trial.Active articulatio genus extension trial was used for measuring of hamstring stringency. The topic was instructed to lie on their dorsum with hip and articulatio genuss bent 90 grades. Pelvic motion was controlled by the usage of straps. By utilizing the sidelong condyle of thighbone as the goniometric axis, the stationary arm positioned along the thighbone, and the movable arm was positioned parallel to the leg. Keep hip and articulatio genus in 90 grades so instruct the topic to unbend the articulatio genus every bit for as possible boulder clay a esthesis of stretch being felt. Repeat the same for three times and mean were measured as the concluding consequence.3.9 Procedures:GROUP A: MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE.Technique USED: Post isometric relaxation. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Supine prevarication. Procedure: Ask the persons to presume supine place. Therapist flexes the affected hip to the full and so extends the flexed articulatio genus with the dorsum of lower leg resting on the shoulder of the healer who stands confronting the caput of the tabular array. Individual is asked to flex i.e. doing downward force per unit area against the therapist shoulder with the dorsum of lower leg at the same clip therapist defy the persons voluntary attempt so that, slight isometric contraction of hamstrings develops and persons hold this for 10 seconds. After this attempt, the person is asked to expire and loosen up the musculus wholly. Then the healer takes the musculus to its new limitation barrier without stretch. Get downing from this new barrier, the same process is repeated two or three more times. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad.GROUP B: ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC Stretching:ULTRASOUND Therapy:INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Prone lying Parameters: Frequency: 1 MHz Intensity: 2W/cmA? Manner: Continuous. AREA OF APPLICATION: Hamstring country Duration: Five Minutess daily ( Two proceedingss for median hamstrings, Two proceedingss for sidelong hamstrings and One min for between the two sinew ) . FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomadInactive Stretching:Technique USED: Active inactive stretching. INDIVIDUAL ‘S Position: Standing place. Procedure: Subjects performed the hamstring stretch by standing erect with the pes planted on the floor and toes pointed frontward. The heel of the pes to be stretched was placed on a pedestal with the toes directed towards the ceiling. The topic so flexed frontward at the hip, keeping the spinal column in impersonal place while making the arm forward. The topics continued to flex the hip until a soft stretch was felt in the posterior thigh. Then keep this place for 30 seconds and so loosen up for 10 seconds and reiterate the same process for three more times a twenty-four hours. FREQUENCY OF TREATMENT: Once in a twenty-four hours. TREATMENT DURATION: One hebdomad3.10 STATISTICAL TOOLSThe undermentioned statistical tools used in this survey is Paired t-test and Unpaired t-testFormula: Paired t-test=Where, = difference between the pre trial versus station trial = mean difference = entire figure of topics = criterion divergence Unpaired t-test was used to compare the average difference between Group A and Group B.Formula: Unpaired t-testWhere, = Mean of Group A = Mean of Group B i = amount of the value n1 = figure of topics in Group A n1 = figure of topics in Group B S = criterion divergenceDegree of significance: 5 %IV.DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONTABLE-1PAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP AGroup A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A, who were treated with Muscle energy Technique.S.NOGroup AMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Pre trial 135.2 22.87 6.46 30.03 2. Post trial 158.07 4.50GRAPH-1GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A ( MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE ) .TABLE-IIPAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialPRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP BGROUP B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Paired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group B, who were treated with Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGROUP BMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Pre trial 134.5 17.5 5.95 21.6 2. Post trial 152 5.11GRAPH-IIGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST AND POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP B ( ULTRASOUND THERAPY WITH STATIC STRETCHING )TABLE-IIIUNPAIRED't ‘ TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRE TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired't ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Group A 135.2 0.67 6.46 0.2940 2. Group B 134.5 5.95GRAPH-IIIGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF PRE TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B:TABLE-IVUNPAIRED ‘t ‘ TrialCOMPARISON BETWEEN THE POST TEST VALUES OF GROUP A AND BHAMSTRING FLEXIBILITY – ACTIVE KNEE EXTENSIONThe comparative mean values, average differences, standard divergence and Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial values of Group A and Group B, who were treated with Muscle energy technique and Ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching.S.NOGroupMeanMEAN DEVIATIONStandard DEVIATION‘t ‘ VALUE1. Group A 158.07 6.07 4.50 3.53 2. Group B 152 5.11GRAPH-IVGRAPHICL REPRESENTATION OF POST TEST VALUES FOR GROUP A AND GROUP B:Analysis OF RESULTS:30 persons with hamstring stringency were divided into two groups. Group A were treated with musculus energy technique. Group B were treated with ultrasound with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student't ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups.Paired't ‘ trial:Group A – MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUEUsing Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 30.03 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of musculus energy technique in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Group B – Ultrasound THERAPY WITH STATIC StretchingUsing Paired ‘t ‘ trial with 14 grades of freedom and 5 % at degree of significance, the deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 21.6 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.761.This trial showed that there is a important consequence of ultrasound t herapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Unpaired't ‘ trial:Comparing pre trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B:Pre trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 0.294 which is lesser than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is no important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.Comparing station trial values of active articulatio genus extension trial between Group A and Group B:Post trial values of Group A and Group B is analysed by Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial. The deliberate ‘t ‘ value is 3.53 which is greater than table ‘t ‘ value 1.701 at 5 % degree of significance. This trial showed that there is a important difference between the consequence of musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.V.DISCUSSIONThe intent of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected who fulfilled the preset inclusive and sole standards. The topics were divided into two groups, 15 in each group. Group A underwent musculus energy technique and Group B underwent ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Statistical analysis utilizing Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial showed that there was a important difference between Muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. Paired ‘t ‘ trial concluded that there was a important betterment in hamstring flexibleness in both muscle energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching, which was supported by surveies as follows. Overuse hurts in lower limbs are reduced by increasing flexibleness of hamstring musculuss. ( Donald E Hartig, 1999 ) Extracting flexibleness alterations related with structural and physiological alterations influence the degree of physical activity. ( Ronald F, Zernickle 1996 ) Loss of flexibleness of hamstring may take to diminish in lumbar hollow-back, decrease of musculus strength and quadriceps disfunction during pace. ( Zachazewski, 1989 ) Continuous ultrasound therapy additions soft tissue extensibility and may be an effectual adjunct in the intervention of articulatio genus contractures secondary to connective tissue shortening. Ultrasound soaking up is higher in tissues rich in protein like skeletal musculus. Continuous ultrasound therapy additions tendon and musculus length due to alter of their viscousness and malleability. ( Folconer 1992, Dyson 1987, Low and Reed1990 ) Elevation of collagen tissue temperature affects on the mechanical and physical features of tissues and facilitates distortion of collagen. Therefore hurting and uncomfortableness was reduced during stretching and collagen fiber ability to digest greater force was increased. ( Coakley, 1978 ) Thermal effects of ultrasound additions collagen temperature which will increase snap of tissue. Increased snap allows for an even distribution of force and reduces the emphasis on localised countries of tissues. It besides increases blood flow within the musculus. ( Warren C, Lehmann J, Stricker T, 1970, 1990 ) Longer keep times during stretching of hamstring musculuss result in greater additions in scope of gesture. ( Feland, 2001 ) Inactive stretching additions muscle length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fired. It besides elicits golgi sinew response and hence provides an effectual flexibleness preparation stimulation. ( Robert and Wilson, 1999 ) Addition in length of the musculus which occurs after the application of musculus energy technique consequences in effectual venous or lymphatic drainage and addition in scope of gesture. ( Ballantyne F et Al 2003 ) Stated that musculus energy technique can bring forth creep and fictile alterations in the connective tissue thereby the length of the musculus can be increased. ( Ross A, Clark, 2008 ) An addition in flexibleness after Muscle energy technique occurred due to biomechanical or neurophysiological alterations or due to an addition in tolerance to stretching. ( Freyer G, Richard L, Melonie A, Rieck 1993, 2003 ) Addition in scope of gesture of a joint after Muscle energy technique is based on neurological mechanism via repressive golgi sinew physiological reaction. Muscle energy technique activates this physiological reaction during isometric musculus contraction. Muscle energy technique produces a stretch on golgi sinew organ and a automatic relaxation of musculus. ( Kuchera, 1997 ) By station isometric relaxation, consequence of sustained contraction on Golgi sinew organ set the sinew and musculus to new musculus length by suppressing it. Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation resulted in maximal betterment when compared to eccentric preparation on hamstring flexibleness. ( Ahmad Faheem, Ahmad Shamin, Anjani Agarwal, Begum Shabana, Ram C.S, Waseem Mohd, 2010 ) Muscle energy technique utilizing station isometric relaxation significantly bettering the hamstring flexibleness ( by active articulatio genus extension trial ) in normal Indian collegiate males with hamstring stringency. ( Wassim M, 2009 ) Muscle energy technique produced an immediate addition in inactive articulatio genus extension. This ascertained alteration is due to an increased tolerance to stretch. ( Ballantyne F, Fryer G, MC.Laughlin P, 2003 ) Muscle energy technique is an active, direct technique ( prosecuting the barrier ) that promotes musculus relaxation by triping the Golgi sinew physiological reaction. ( Ward, Robert C, 1990 ) The warming effects of uninterrupted ultrasound may be more effectual than not thermic belongingss of pulsed ultrasound for increasing the flexibleness of sawed-off hamstrings. ( Shadmer.A, Astaneh.H.N, 2010 ) Initiation of inactive stretching exercises involves the applications of superficial ( or ) deep heat agencies which show a positive consequence to increase the hamstring flexibleness. ( Buker N. , Aslan E. , Kitis A. , Carluk U, 2008 ) The additions in scope of inactive articulatio genus extension obtained in uninterrupted curative ultrasound and 30 seconds inactive stretch group were significantly greater than curative ultrasound and 15 seconds inactive stretch group in topics with tight hamstrings. ( A.Akbari, H.Moodi, A.A.Moein and R.Nazok, 2006 ) The clinically practical parametric quantities of thermic ultrasound in concurrence with inactive stretching is an effectual manner of increasing hamstring extensibility but ultrasound application location did n't showed difference in increasing articulatio genus extension scope of gesture in a healthy population. ( Trae Sakiyo Tashiro,2003 ) The continuance of 30 seconds of stretching is an effectual clip of heightening the flexibleness of the hamstring musculuss. ( Bandy WD, Irion JM, 1995 ) Inactive stretching is one of the safest and most normally performed stretching methods used to mensurate musculus length. ( C.D.Weijer, 2003 ) Inactive stretch of 30 seconds at a frequence of individual session is sufficient to increase the musculus length. ( William D Bandy, 1996 ) Inactive stretching may be effectual in increasing the length of musculus due to the drawn-out stretching which allows the musculus spindle to accommodate over clip and cease fire. ( Gordon and Ghez, 1991 ) Muscle energy technique activates golgi sinews organ and bring forth a automatic relaxation of musculus. Ultrasound therapy increases the collagen temperature and increases the snap of tissue. Inactive stretching addition musculus length by leting musculus spindle to accommodate overtime and cease fire and besides elicits golgi tendon response. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique showed greater betterment in hamstring flexibleness than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in persons with hamstring stringency.V1.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this survey was to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique versus ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in single with hamstring stringency. 30 topics were selected in the age group between 18-25 old ages after due consideration of inclusion and exclusion standards. The topics were allotted into two groups. Group A received musculus energy technique and Group B received ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching. Hamstringing flexibleness was measured by active articulatio genus extension trial. The values of result steps were recorded before the beginning of intervention government Day1 and at the terminal of intervention government Day7. Statistical analysis was done by utilizing Student ‘t ‘ trial. Paired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the betterment within the group. Unpaired ‘t ‘ trial was used to happen out the difference between two groups. The consequences showed that there was a important difference between musculus energy technique and ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency. This survey concluded that musculus energy technique is more effectual than ultrasound therapy with inactive stretching in bettering the hamstring flexibleness in persons with hamstring stringency.VII.LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis survey is a short term survey, it is hence necessary to make a long term survey to do the consequence more valid. Hamstringing flexibleness can besides recorded by inactive articulatio genus extension trial. Sample studied was little and the survey reduces the generalising ability hence survey with a much larger population is recommended. Surveies aimed to happen out the consequence of musculus energy technique ( by utilizing station isometric relaxation ) with other electrotherapy modes such as hot battalion, short moving ridge diathermy and with other techniques like PNF, Irish burgoo ‘s grip straight leg rise technique, mutual suppression, etc can be conducted for farther research.